Apple Vision Pro

Development In May 2015, Apple acquired the German augmented reality (AR) company Metaio, originally spun off from Volkswagen. That year, Apple hired Mike Rockwell from Dolby Laboratories. Rockwell formed a team called the Technology Development Group including Metaio Peter Meier and Apple Watch manager Fletcher Rothkopf. The team developed an AR demo in 2016 but was opposed by chief design officer Jony Ive and his team. Augmented reality and virtual reality (VR) expert and former NASA specialist Jeff Norris was hired in April 2017. Rockwell's team helped deliver ARKit in 2017 with iOS 11. Rockwell's team sought to create a headset and worked with Ive's team; the decision to reveal the wearer's eyes through a front-facing eye display was well received by the industrial design team. The headset's development experienced a period of uncertainty with the departure of Ive in 2019. His successor, Evans Hankey, left the company in 2023. Senior engineering manager Geoff Stahl, who reports to Rockwell, led the development of its visionOS operating system, after previously working on games and graphics technology at Apple. Apple's extended reality headset is meant as a bridge to future lightweight AR glasses, which are not yet technically feasible. In November 2017, Apple acquired Canadian MR company Vrvana, founded by Bertrand Nepveu, for $30 million. The Vrvana Totem was able to overlay fully opaque, true-color animations on top of the real world rather than the ghost-like projections of other AR headsets, which cannot display the color black. It was able to do this while avoiding the often-noticeable lag between the cameras capturing the outside world while simultaneously maintaining a 120-degree field of view at 90 Hz. Vrvana's innovations, including IR illuminators and infrared cameras for spatial and hand tracking, were integral to the development of the headset. According to leaker Wayne Ma, Apple was originally going to allow macOS software to be dragged from the display to the user's environment, but was scrapped early on due to the limitations of being based on iPadOS and noted that the hand-tracking system was not precise enough for games. Workers also discussed collaborations with brands such as Nike for working out with the headset, and others investigated face cushions that were better suited for sweaty, high-intensity workouts, but was scrapped due to the battery pack and the fragile screen. A feature called "co-presence"; a projection of a FaceTime user's full body, was also scrapped for unknown reasons. Unveiling and release In May 2022, Apple's Board of Directors previewed the device. The company began recruiting directors and creatives to develop content for the headset in June. One such director, Jon Favreau, was enlisted to bring the dinosaurs on his Apple TV+ show Prehistoric Planet to life. By April, Apple was also working to bring developers on board to create software and services for the headset. Apple filed over 5,000 patents for technologies which contributed to the development of Apple Vision Pro. Apple Vision Pro was announced at Apple's 2023 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC23) on June 5, 2023, to launch in early 2024 in the United States at a starting price of . On January 8, 2024, Apple announced that the release date of Apple Vision Pro in the United States would be on February 2, 2024. Pre-orders began on January 19, 2024, at 5:00 a.m. PST and the launch shipments sold out in 18 minutes. Apple sold up to 200,000 units in the two-week pre-order period, a majority of which were to be shipped five to seven weeks after launch day. It also became available for purchase in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore on June 28, 2024, in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the UK on July 12, 2024, and in South Korea and the UAE on November 15, 2024. ==Specifications==

Hardware Apple Vision Pro comprises approximately 300 components. It has a curved laminated glass display on the front, an aluminum frame on its sides, a flexible cushion on the inside, and a removable, adjustable headband. The frame contains five sensors, six microphones, and 12 cameras. Users see two 3660 × 3200 pixel micro-OLED displays with a total of 23 megapixels usually running at 90 FPS through the lens but can automatically adjust to 96 or 100 FPS based on the content being shown. The eyes are tracked by a system of LEDs and infrared cameras, which form the basis of the device's iris scanner named Optic ID (used for authentication, like the iPhone's Face ID). Horizontally mounted motors adjust lenses for individual eye positions to ensure clear and focused images that precisely track eye movements. Sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes track facial movements, minimizing discrepancies between the real world and the projected image. Apple Vision Pro uses the Apple M2 system on a chip. It is accompanied by a co-processor known as Apple R1, which is used for real-time sensor input processing. The device can be purchased with three internal storage configurations: 256 GB, 512 GB, and 1 TB. The battery pack connects to the headset using a 12-pin locking variant of the Lightning connector that can be removed with a SIM ejection tool. The user's face is scanned by the headset during setup to generate a persona—a realistic avatar used by OS features. One such feature is "EyeSight", an outward-facing screen which displays the eyes of the user's persona. Its eyes appear dimmed when in AR and obscured when in full immersion to indicate the user's environmental awareness. When someone else approaches or speaks, even if the user is fully immersed, EyeSight shows their persona's virtual eyes normally and makes the other person visible. A digital crown dial on the headset is used to control the amount of virtual background occupying the user's field of view, ranging from a mixed-reality view where apps and media appear to float in the user's real-world surroundings, to completely hiding the user's surroundings. It may also alternatively control the device's speaker volume. a $199 light seal, and a $29 light seal cushion. The only official third-party accessory available at launch is a battery holder made by Belkin. A first-party adapter costing $299 is available and can only be purchased by registered, paid Apple Developer accounts, that replaces the right head-strap connection and adds a USB-C port for use by developers. Code from diagnostics tools have revealed that the adapter is capable of interacting with Apple Vision Pro in a diagnostic mode. In November 2024, it was announced that Apple will sell a Belkin head strap for use with the Solo Knit Band. Software Apple Vision Pro runs visionOS (internally called xrOS before a last-minute change ahead of WWDC), which is derived primarily from iPadOS core frameworks (including UIKit, SwiftUI, and ARKit), and MR-specific frameworks for foveated rendering and real-time interaction. The operating system uses a 3D user interface navigated via finger tracking, eye tracking, and speech recognition. Users can select elements by looking at it and pinching two fingers together, move the element by moving their pinched fingers, and scroll by flicking their wrist. Apps are displayed in floating windows that can be arranged in 3D space. visionOS supports a virtual keyboard for text input, the Siri virtual assistant, and external Bluetooth peripherals including Magic Keyboard, Magic Trackpad, and gamepads. visionOS supports screen mirroring to other Apple devices using AirPlay. visionOS can mirror the primary display of a macOS device via the "Mac Virtual Display" feature; the Mac can also be controlled using peripherals paired with the headset. Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube notably announced that they would not release visionOS apps at launch, nor support their iOS apps on the platform, and directed users to use their web versions in Safari. Analysts suggested that this may have resulted from the companies' strained relationships with Apple over App Store policies such as mandatory 30% revenue sharing, including associated antitrust allegations. In an interview, Netflix co-CEO Greg Peters stated that Apple Vision Pro was too niche for the company to support at this time, but that "we're always in discussions with Apple to try and figure that out". A YouTube spokesperson later stated to The Verge that the service had plans to develop a visionOS app in the future. ==Reception==

Pre-release and unveiling Before the official release of Apple Vision Pro, Samuel Axon of Ars Technica said that Apple Vision Pro was "truly something I had never seen before", noting the intuitiveness of its user interface in a choreographed demo given by Apple, and praising a dinosaur tech demo for its immersive-ness. Axon said that its displays were dim but "much better than other headsets I've used on this front, even if it still wasn't perfect", and that the personas looked "surreal" but conveyed body language better than a more stylized avatar (such as Animoji or Horizon Worlds). Following its release, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg stated he had demoed the headset and liked its display resolution and eye tracking, but still believed the Quest 3 was the "better product" due to its lower price and Apple's "closed" ecosystem. Jay Peters of The Verge similarly noted that Apple did not present Apple Vision Pro as a VR platform or refer to the device as a headset, and described it as an AR device and "spatial computer", and only demonstrated non-VR games displayed in windows and controlled using an external gamepad, rather than fully immersive experiences such as games and social platforms (including motion controllers). He suggested that this positioning "leaves wiggle room for the likely future of this technology that looks nothing like a bulky VR headset: AR glasses". App Store guidelines for visionOS similarly state that developers should refer to visionOS software as "spatial computing experiences" or "vision apps", and avoid the use of terms such as "augmented reality" and "mixed reality". After the initial announcement of Apple Vision Pro, it was criticized due to its high cost, as too high to go mainstream; the three priciest components in Apple Vision Pro are its camera and sensor array, its dual Apple silicon chips, and the twin 4K micro-OLED virtual reality displays. Apple is reportedly working on a cheaper model that is scheduled sometime for release for the end of 2025 and a second-generation model with a faster processor. Apple Vision Pro also faced criticism over its short battery life, appearing distracting to others, and haptic feedback. Joanna Stern of The Wall Street Journal echoed this sentiment, arguing that it was "the best mixed-reality headset I've ever tried", and "so much of what the Vision Pro can do feels sci-fi", but that "these companies know these aren't really the devices we want. They're all working toward building virtual experiences into something that looks more like a pair of regular eyeglasses. Until then, they're just messing with our heads." Public response Reviews from buyers of Apple Vision Pro have been mixed. One person attempted to drive while using the device, which Apple warns against in the Apple Vision Pro user manual. Other users posted videos of themselves using the device while walking, a feature not officially supported at launch. Some have experimented with cooking while wearing the headset, which is not recommended by Apple. This allows users to easily see step-by-step instructions while cooking. Its use has also been documented as a potential tool in the operating room, additional use cases include education, productivity, sales, collaboration and digital twins. Defects Shortly after launch, some owners reported hairline cracks spontaneously appearing on the front display above the nose bridge. == M5 variant (2025) ==

Hardware improvements On October 15, 2025, Apple introduced an updated Vision Pro model powered by the Apple M5 chip. Compared to the M2 chip used in the previous model, the M5 features more CPU cores, an improved GPU and an improved Neural Engine. The R1 chip continues to handle sensor processing. The updated chip allows the Vision Pro to render 10 percent more pixels on the micro-OLED displays compared to the original model, resulting in sharper images and crisper text. The headset can also now increase its refresh rate up to 120 Hz (compared to a maximum of 100 Hz on the M2 model) for reduced motion blur. == User experience ==

The user experience of the Apple Vision Pro centers on its visionOS interface, which relies on eye-tracking, hand gestures, and voice input as the primary forms of interaction. Reviewers have noted that its spatial computing environment allows users to navigate apps and media in an immersive, multitasking-oriented workspace. While many assessments highlight the intuitiveness of its controls, some users have reported discomfort related to device weight, prolonged wear, and visual strain. This perspective has been used to critique descriptions of the Apple Vision Pro that focus mainly on its technical features while giving less attention to how users find meaning or emotional value in its spatial computing environment. Applying this approach suggests that a fuller assessment of the Vision Pro's User Experience should consider how well its design supports personally meaningful, motivating, and emotionally engaging experiences in addition to its functional operation. ==Accessibility and comfort==

The Apple Vision Pro includes a variety of accessibility settings that are intended to accommodate users with different physical and sensory abilities. This includes features such as VoiceOver, Siri commands, Pointer Control, Dwell Control, Zoom, Accessibility Reader and Braille support. One notable accessibility feature worth highlighting is Dwell Control, which some researchers have noted clear issues with features like the “pinch-to-select” common in VR machines. It can create many challenges for users with upper limb motor impairments, including those affected by arthritis. Dwell Control addresses this by allowing users to select items simply by focusing their gaze on them for a short period, reducing the need for physical gestures. Vision Pro has been evaluated with the Derby Dozen heuristics list in comparison to the Meta Quest 3 to assess its accessibility and comfortability for users. In its study, while both scored high in heuristics, evaluators noted that both devices struggled with weight on the users face and cheekbones and eyestrain which potentially is due to its eye tracking capabilities. ==See also==