Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are
extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all: •
Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran, •
Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran, •
Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran, •
Piro = Purus, •
Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran. An early contrast between
Ta-Arawak and
Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious;
nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and
ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family.
Loukotka (1968) Below is a full list of Arawakan language varieties listed by
Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties, but excluding the
Guajiboan languages. ;Island languages •
Taino /
Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the
Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are: •
Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were
Dominican Republic and the
Republic of Haiti. •
Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of
Jiguaní,
Bayamo, and
Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish. •
Borinquen - once spoken on the island of
Puerto Rico. (unattested) •
Yamaye - once spoken on the island of
Jamaica. •
Lucaya - once spoken on the
Bahamas Islands. •
Eyeri /
Allouage - once spoken in the
Lesser Antilles. • '''''' - spoken on the eastern part of the island of
Trinidad. •
Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad. (Unattested.) •
Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles. ;Guiana language •
Arawak /
Aruaqui /
Luccumi /
Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are: •
Western - spoken in Guyana. •
Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the
Curipi River and
Oyapoque River. ;Central group •
Wapishana /
Matisana /
Wapityan /
Uapixana - spoken on the
Tacutu River,
Mahú River, and
Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana. •
Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the
Tacutu River and
Rupununi River, Guyana. (Unattested.) •
Atorai /
Attaraye /
Daurí - spoken between the
Rupununi River and
Kuyuwini River, Guyana. ;Mapidian group •
Mapidian /
Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the
Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct. •
Mawakwa - once spoken on the
Mavaca River, Venezuela. ;Goajira group •
Goajira /
Uáira - language spoken on the
Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual. •
Paraujano /
Parancan /
Parawogwan /
Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on
Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela. •
Alile - once spoken on the
Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela. (Unattested.) •
Onota - once spoken between
Lake Maracaibo and the
Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela. (Unattested.) •
Guanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the
Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Cosina /
Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the
Serranía Cosina,
Goajira Peninsula, Colombia. (Unattested.) ;Caquetío group •
Caquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the
Yaracuy River,
Portuguesa River, and
Apure River, Venezuela. (only several words) •
Ajagua - once spoken on the
Tocuyo River near
Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela. (only two words and patronyms.) •
Quinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Nothing.) •
Tororó /
Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira. (Febres Cordero 1921, pp. 116–160 passim, only six words.) •
Aviamo - once spoken on the
Uribante River, state of Táchira. (Unattested.) •
Tecua - once spoken on the
Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Yaguai - once spoken on the
Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.) •
Cocaima - once spoken between the
Setenta River and
Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.) •
Chacanta - once spoken on the
Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida. (Unattested.) •
Caparo - once spoken on the
Caparo River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Támud - once spoken northeast of the
Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the
Burgua River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Cuite - once spoken on the
Cuite River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the
Pereno River. (Unattested.) •
Chucuna - once spoken between the
Manacacías River and
Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Guayupe - spoken on the
Güejar River and
Ariari River, Meta territory. •
Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region. (Unattested.) •
Sutagao - spoken once on the
Pasca River and
Sumapaz River, Meta territory. (Unattested.) •
Chocue /
Choque - once spoken on the
Herorú River and
Guayabero River, Meta territory. (Unattested.) •
Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the
Güejar River and near
San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory. (Unattested.) •
Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Unattested.) •
Achagua - spoken on the
Apure River and
Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia. •
Piapoco /
Mitua /
Dzáse - spoken on the
Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia. •
Cabere /
Cabre - once spoken on the
Teviare River and
Zama River, Vichada territory. •
Maniba /
Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the
Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) •
Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the
Vera River and
Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta. ;Maypure group •
Maypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of
Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish. •
Avani /
Abane - once spoken on the
Auvana River and
Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. (Gilij 1780-1784, vol. 3, p. 383, only six words.) ;Baniva group •
Baníva - language spoken on the
Orinoco River, especially in the village of
San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. •
Yavitero /
Pareni /
Yavitano - spoken on the
Atabapo River in the village of Yavita. ;Guinau group •
Guinau /
Inao /
Guniare /
Temomeyéme /
Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the
Caura River and
Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct. ;Baré group •
Baré /
Ihini /
Arihini - spoken on the
Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the
Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. •
Uarequena - spoken on the
Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. •
Adzáneni /
Adyána /
Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the
Caiarí River and on the
Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil. •
Carútana /
Corecarú /
Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the
Içana River. •
Katapolítani /
Acayaca /
Cadaupuritani - spoken on the
Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil. •
Siusí /
Ualíperi-dákeni /
Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the
Caiarí River and
Içana River and on the middle course of the
Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. •
Moriwene /
Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the
Içana River in the village of
Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil. •
Mapanai /
Ira-tapuya - spoken on the
Içana River near
Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas. •
Hohodene /
Huhúteni - spoken on the
Cubate River, state of Amazonas. •
Maulieni /
Káua-tapuya - spoken on the
Aiari River, state of Amazonas. ;Ipéca group •
Ipéca /
Kumada-mínanei /
Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the
Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia. •
Payualiene /
Payoariene /
Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the
Arara-paraná River. •
Curipaco - spoken on the
Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. •
Kárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the
Puitana River. •
Kapité-Mínanei /
Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the
Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. ;Tariana group •
Tariana /
Yavi - spoken in the villages of
Ipanoré and
Yauareté on the
Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia. •
Iyäine /
Kumandene /
Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken. (Unattested.) •
Cauyari /
Acaroa /
Cabuyarí - once spoken on the
Cananari River and on the middle course of the
Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct. ;Mandauáca group •
Mandauáca /
Maldavaca - spoken on the
Baria River,
Capabury River, and
Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. •
Cunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the
Siapa River. (Unattested.) ;Manáo group •
Manáo /
Oremanao /
Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of
Manaus on the
Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. •
Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the
Marauiá River, Amazonas state. (Unattested.) •
Cariay /
Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the
Negro River,
Araçá River, and
Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil. •
Bahuana - spoken between the
Padauari River and
Araçá River. (Unattested.) •
Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the
Branco River,
Negro River, and
Araçá River, Amazonas. (Unattested.) •
Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the
Negro River and
Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only
Lingua Geral or Portuguese. (Unattested.) •
Dapatarú - once spoken between the
Uatuma River and
Urubu River and on the island of
Saracá, Amazonas. (Unattested.) •
Aniba - once spoken on the
Aniba River and around
Saracá lagoon. (Unattested.) •
Caboquena - once spoken on the
Urubu River, Amazonas. (Unattested.) •
Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the
Negro River. (Unattested.) •
Seden - once spoken between the
Uatuma River and
Negro River. (Unattested.) ;Uirina group •
Uirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the
Marari River, territory of Rio Branco. •
Yabaána /
Jabâ-ana /
Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the
Marauiá River and
Cauaburi River. •
Anauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the
Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. ;Chiriána group •
Chiriána /
Barauána - spoken between the
Marari River and
Demini River, territory of Rio Branco. ;Yukúna group •
Yukúna - spoken on the
Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. •
Matapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near
Campoamor. (Unattested.) •
Guarú /
Garú - spoken on the
Mamurá River,
Cuama River, and
Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia. ;Resigaro group •
Resigaro /
Rrah~nihin /
Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the
Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana. ;Araicú group •
Marawa /
Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the
Juruá River and
Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the
Juruá River, Amazonas. ;Araicú group •
Araicú /
Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the
Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the
Jutai River, Amazonas. ;
Uainumá group •
Uainumá /
Ajuano /
Wainumá /
Inabishana /
Uainamby-tapuya /
Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the
Upi River, a tributary of the
Içá River, Amazonas. •
Mariaté /
Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the
Içá River. ;Jumana group •
Jumana /
Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the
Puruê River and
Juami River, Amazonas state. •
Passé /
Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the
Negro River,
Japurá River, and
Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese. ;Cauishana group •
Cauishana /
Kayuishana /
Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the
Tocantins River and on
Lake Mapari, Amazonas. •
Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the
Marauiá River. (Unattested.) ;Pre-Andine group •
Campa /
Anti /
Atzíri /
Thampa /
Kuruparia - spoken on the
Urubamba River and
Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru. •
Machiganga /
Ugunichire /
Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the
Mantaro River,
Apurimac River,
Urubamba River, and
Paucartambo River. Dialects are: •
Chanchamayo - spoken on the
Perené River. •
Catongo - spoken on the
Tambo River. •
Machiringa - spoken on the
Apurimac River and
Ene River. (Unattested.) •
Piro /
Simirinche - spoken in the
department of Loreto on the
Inuya River. •
Chontaquiro - spoken on the
Iaco River,
Caeté River, and
Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil. •
Mashco /
Sirineiri /
Moeno - spoken on the
Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. •
Curia - spoken on the
Murú River and
Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) •
Quirineri - spoken on the
Paucartambo River and
Manu River, department of Cuzco (Oppenheim 1948). •
Maneteneri - extinct language from the
Purus River,
Aquirí River,
Caspatá River, and
Araçá River, Acre territory. •
Inapari /
Mashco Piro - spoken between the
Tacutimani River and
Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct. •
Huachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the
Cosñipata River and
Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios. •
Kushichineri /
Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the
Curumaha River by a small tribe. •
Cuniba - extinct language once spoken between the
Juruazinho River and
Jutaí River and on the
Mapuá River, state of Amazonas. •
Puncuri - spoken on the
Puncuri River, Acre. (Unattested.) •
Kanamare /
Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre,
Irariapé River and
Abuña River, now probably extinct. •
Epetineri - once spoken on the
Pijiria River, tributary of the
Urubamba River, Peru. (Unattested.) •
Pucapucari - once spoken on the
Camisia River and
Tunquini River, Peru. (Unattested.) •
Tucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the
Igarapé Cuchicha River, a tributary of the
Chandless River, Acre. (Unattested.) ;Ipurina group •
Ipurina /
Apurinã /
Kangiti - spoken along the
Purus River from the mouth of the
Sepatiní River to the mouth of the
Yaco River, Amazonas. •
Casharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the
Abuña River and
Ituxí River and on the tributaries,
Curequeta River and
Iquirí River, in Acre. (Unattested.) ;Apolista group •
Apolista /
Lapachu /
Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of
Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia. ;Mojo group •
Mojo /
Ignaciano /
Morocosi - spoken on the
Mamoré River and on the plains of
Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia. •
Baure /
Chiquimiti - spoken on the
Blanco River and around the city of
Baures in the same region. •
Muchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia. •
Suberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the
Mamoré River and the
Guapay River, Bolivia. (Unattested.) •
Pauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the
Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. •
Paicone - extinct language from the sources of the
Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. ;Paresi group •
Sarave /
Zarabe - spoken on the
Verde River and
Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct. •
Parecí /
Arití /
Maimbari /
Mahibarez - language with dialects: •
Caxinití - spoken on the
Sumidouro River,
Sepotuba River, and
Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. •
Waimaré - spoken in Mato Grosso on the
Verde River and
Timalatía River. •
Kozariní /
Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the
Juba River,
Cabaçal River,
Jaurú River,
Guaporé River,
Verde River,
Papagaio River,
Burití River, and
Juruena River. •
Uariteré - spoken on the
Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.) ;Chané group •
Chané /
Izoceño - formerly spoken on the
Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies. (only a few words.) •
Guaná /
Layano - once spoken on the
Yacaré River and
Galván River, Paraguay, now on the
Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. •
Terena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the
Miranda River and
Jijui River. •
Echoaladí /
Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) •
Quiniquinao /
Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. ;Waurá group •
Waurá - spoken on the
Batoví River (a tributary of the
Xingú River) Mato Grosso. •
Kustenáu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the
Batoví River and
Jatobá River •
Yaulapíti /
Yawarapiti /
Ualapiti - spoken between the
Meinacu River and
Curisevú River, Mato Grosso. •
Mehináku /
Meinacu /
Mináko - spoken between the
Batoví River and
Curisevú River. •
Agavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the
Curisevú River and
Culuene River. (Unattested.) ;Marawan group •
Marawan /
Maraon - spoken on the
Oiapoque River and
Curipi River, Amapá territory. •
Caripurá /
Karipuere - spoken in Amapá territory on the
Urucauá River. •
Palicur /
Parikurú - once spoken on the middle course of the
Calçoene River and on the upper course of the
Casipore River, now on the
Urucauá River in Amapá territory. •
Caranariú - once spoken on the
Urucauá River, now extinct. (Unattested.) •
Tocoyene - once spoken in Amapá territory on the
Uanarí River. (Unattested.) •
Macapá - once spoken on the
Camopi River and
Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the
Pará River, state of Pará, Brazil; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) •
Tucujú - once spoken on the
Jarí River, territory of Amapá, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) •
Mapruan - once spoken on the
Oiac River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.) ;Aruan group •
Aruan /
Aroã - originally spoken on the north coast of
Marajó Island, Pará, later on the
Uaçá River, Amapá territory. A few descendants now speak a French creole dialect. •
Sacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of
Marajó Island. ;Moríque group •
Moríque /
Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the
Javarí River. ;Chamicuro group •
Chamicuro - spoken on the
Chamicuro River,
department of Loreto, Peru. •
Chicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe. (Unattested.) •
Aguano /
Awáno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the
Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua. (Unattested.) •
Maparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the
Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago. (Unattested.) •
Cutinana - once spoken on the
Samiria River, Loreto. (Unattested.) •
Tibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region. (Unattested.) ;Lorenzo group •
Amoishe /
Amlsha /
Amuescha /
Amage /
Lorenzo - once spoken on the
Paucartambo River and
Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken. •
Chunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the
Chinchao River, department of Huánuco, Peru. (Unattested.) •
Panatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the
Huallaga River between
Coyumba and
Monzón, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) •
Chusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near
Huánuco. (Unattested.)
Kaufman (1994) The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these: •
Shebaye () •
Lapachu () •
Morique (also known as Morike)
() Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan": •
Salumã (also known as Salumán, Enawené-Nawé) Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now
extinct: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao,
Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique. •
Maipurean • Northern Maipurean •
Upper Amazon branch •
Maritime branch •
Aruán (Aruã) • Wapixana (also known as Wapishana):
Atorada (also known as Atoraí),
Mapidian (also known as Maopidyán),
Wapishana •
Ta-Maipurean • Palikur •
Palikur (also known as Palikúr) •
Marawán • Southern Maipurean •
Western branch •
Amuesha (also known as Amoesha, Yanesha') •
Chamicuro (also known as Chamikuro) •
Central branch •
Southern Outlier branch •
Terêna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena,
Guaná,
Chané) • Moxos group (also known as Moho)& Trinitario) •
Baure •
Paunaka (also known as Pauna–Paikone) •
Piro group •
Campa branch (also known as Pre-Andean) Kaufman does not report the extinct
Magiana of the Moxos group.
Aikhenvald (1999) Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the
Southern Outlier and
Western branches of Southern Maipurean. She assigns Salumã and Lapachu ('
Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the
Maritime branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruán and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the
North Amazonian branch of Northern Maipurean. The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's: •
Maipurean • North Arawak = Northern Maipurean • Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) [with Mapidian under the name "
Mawayana" and Mawakwa as a possible dialect] • Palikur = Kaufman's Palikur +
Aruán (3) •
Caribbean = Ta-Maipurean (8) [incl.
Shebaye] •
North Amazonian = Upper Amazon (17 attested) • South and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean • South Arawak =
Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group +
Salumã +
Lapachu ['Apolista'] (11) •
Pareci–Xingu = Central Maipurean (6) •
South-Western Arawak = Piro (5) •
Campa (6) •
Amuesha (1) •
Chamicuro (1) Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from
Morique. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean. Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies
Mawayana with
Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names "Mapidian" and "Mawakwa" (with some reservations for the latter).
Ramirez (2001) Internal classification of Arawakan by
Henri Ramirez (2001): :2 subgroups, 10 divisions ( = extinct) •
Arawakan •
unclassified:
Yanesha, Chamicuro •
Western •
unclassified:
Yumana, Passé •
Japurá-Colombia division •
Piapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumá-Mariaté •
Kauixana •
Resígaro •
Upper Rio Negro division •
Baré, Guinau, Anauyá-Yabahana •
Upper Orinoco division •
Pareni, Yavitero •
Maipure •
Negro-Roraima division •
Arua •
Manao, Wirina, Bahuana, Cariaí •
Wapixana, Atorai •
Mawayana •
Juruá-Jutaí division •
Marawa •
Waraiku •
Purus-Ucayali division •
Apurinã; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri •
Kampa •
Bolivia-Mato Grosso division •
Baure, Mojeño •
Tereno, Kinikinao •
Caribe-Venezuela division •
Lokono; Iñeri, Garífuna; Taino; Caquetio •
Guajiro, Paraujano •
Eastern •
Amapá division •
Palikur, Marawá •
Xingu-Tapajós division •
Waurá, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti •
Pareci, Sarave Walker & Ribeiro (2011) Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using
Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows. The internal structures of each branch is given below. Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the
Bayesian computational methods used. •
Arawakan •
Northeast •
Marawan,
Palikúr •
South •
Kinikinau,
Terena • •
Baure •
Moxos:
Trinitario,
Ignaciano •
Western Amazonia • •
Apurinã • •
Iñapari •
Piro,
Manxineri • •
Caquinte • •
Asheninka • •
Machiguenga,
Nomatsiguenga •
Amuesha, Chamicuro •
Circum-Caribbean •
Waraicu,
Marawa • (
Core branch) • (
Island branch) •
Taíno •
Island Carib,
Garífuna •
Lokono •
Paraujano,
Guajiro •
Central Brazil • •
Saraveka •
Enawene Mawe,
Paresí • •
Yawalapití •
Waurá,
Mehináku •
Central Amazonia • •
Anauyá •
Guinau,
Baré • •
Bahuana,
Manao • •
Arua • •
Cabiai •
Mawayana,
Wapixana •
Northwest Amazonia • •
Maipure • •
Yavitero •
Baniva, Warekena • •
Pasé,
Yumana • •
Resígaro • •
Cabiyari • •
Kauixana • •
Yukuna •
Mariaté,
Wainumá • •
Achagua,
Piapoco • •
Mandawaka,
Guarekena • •
Tariana • •
Kurripako •
Baniwa,
Karutana Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): ( = extinct) •
Arawak •
Yanesha •
Western •
Aguachile •
Chamikuro •
Mamoré-
Paraguai •
Mamoré-
Guaporé (
Portuguese article) • Mojo-Paunaka •
Mojo:
Ignaciano;
Trinitario •
Paunaka • Baure-Paikoneka • Baure:
Baure;
Joaquiniano;
Muxojeone •
Paikoneka • Terena:
Chane ;
Guana ;
Kinikinau;
Terena • Negro-
Putumayo • Jumana-Pase:
Jumana ;
Pase •
Kaishana • Nawiki •
Kabiyari • Karu-Tariana • Karu:
Baniwa;
Kuripako •
Tariana •
Mepuri • Piapoko-Achagua:
Achagua;
Piapoko •
Wainambu • Warekena-Mandawaka:
Warekena;
Mandawaka • Yukuna-Wainuma:
Mariate ;
Wainuma ;
Yukuna •
Resigaro •
Wirina •
Orinoco • Yavitero-Baniva:
Baniva;
Yavitero •
Maipure •
Pre-Andine • Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga •
Nomatsigenga •
Machiguenga-
Nanti • Ashaninka-Kakinte •
Kakinte • Ashaninka-Asheninka • Ashaninka:
Ashaninka • Asheninka:
Asheninka Pajonal;
Asheninka Perene;
Asheninka Pichis;
Asheninka Ucayali;
Ashininka •
Purus •
Apurinã •
Iñapari • Piro-Manchineri:
Kanamare ;
Kuniba ;
Manchineri;
Mashko Piro;
Yine •
Eastern • Lower Amazon • Atlantic:
Marawan ;
Palikur •
Guaporé-
Tapajós •
Saraveka •
Tapajós:
Enawene-Nawe;
Paresi •
Xingu •
Kustenau • Waura-Mehinako:
Mehinaku;
Waura •
Yawalapiti • Waraiku:
Waraiku •
Solimões-Caribbean:
Marawan ;
Palikur •
Marawa •
Caribbean •
Kaketio • Wayuu-Añun •
Añun •
Wayuu • Lokono-Iñeri • Iñeri:
Garifuna;
Kalhiphona •
Lokono •
Shebayo •
Taino • Negro-Branco •
Arua •
Mainatari •
Negro • Bare-Guinao:
Bare;
Guinao • Bawana-Kariai-Manao:
Bawana ;
Kariai ;
Manao •
Yabaana •
Branco •
Mawayana • Wapishana-Parawana:
Aroaki ;
Atorada;
Parawana ;
Wapishana Nikulin & Carvalho (2019) Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270): •
Arawakan •
Yanesha' •
Chamicuro •
Palikur • Maritime •
Island Carib;
Garífuna •
Lokono;
Wayuunaiki,
Añun •
Rio Branco •
Wapixana •
Mawayana • Japurá-Colômbia •
Piapoco •
Achagua •
Yucuna •
Resígaro •
Tariana •
Baniwa-Koripako •
Warekena Antigo • Orinoco •
Baré •
Yavitero •
Baniva of Guainia •
Maipure •
Warekena of Xié • Central •
Paresí •
Enawenê-Nawê • Xingu •
Yawalapití •
Waurá;
Mehináku • Purus •
Apurinã •
Iñapari;
Yine/Manxinéru • Campa •
Nomatsiguenga •
Matsiguenga •
Nanti •
Caquinte •
Asháninka •
Ashéninka • Bolívia-Paraná •
Baure;
Carmelito;
Joaquiniano •
Terena;
Paunaka;
Mojeño (Trinitário, Ignaciano, Loretano, Javeriano) Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches: This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016). :12 subgroups consisting of 56 languages (29 living and 27 extinct) ( = extinct) •
Arawakan •
Japurá-Colombia (
Portuguese article) •
Mepuri • Yumana–Passé •
Yumana •
Passé •
Kauixana • Peripheral •
Mandawaka,
Warekena (do San Miguel);
Baniwa-Koripako •
Piapoco,
Achagua;
Kabiyari •
Resígaro •
Wainumá-Mariaté •
Yukuna •
Upper Orinoco •
Baniva de Maroa •
Pareni-Yavitero •
Maipure •
Central-Amazon-Antilles ? (probable branch) •
Amazon-Antilles •
Guajiro,
Paraujano •
Taino,
Iñeri,
Loko,
Marawá • ?
Waraiku • ?
Wirina •
Middle Rio Negro •
Baré •
Guinau •
Anauyá;
Mainatari,
Yabahana •
Central •
Bahuana;
Manao,
Cariaí •
Aruã •
Pidjanan •
Mawayana •
Wapixana,
Parawana,
Aroaqui • ?
Shebayo •
Mato Grosso-Palikur ? (probable branch) •
Amapá •
Palikur •
Mato Grosso •
Xingu •
Waurá •
Yawalapiti •
Xaray •
Salumã •
Pareci •
Sarave •
Bolivia-Purus-Kampa-(Amuesha) ? (probable branch) •
Bolivia •
Baure •
Pauna;
Mojeño,
Tereno •
Purus •
Iñapari •
Piro •
Apurinã •
Cararí •
Pre-Andine •
Kampa •
Pozuzo •
Amuesha •
Lower Ucayali •
Chamicuro • ?
Moríque ==Nomenclature==