Australian plate

The continental crust of this plate covers the whole of Australia, the Gulf of Carpentaria, southern New Guinea, the Arafura Sea, the Coral Sea. The continental crust also includes northwestern New Zealand, New Caledonia and Fiji. The oceanic crust includes the southeast Indian Ocean, the Tasman Sea, and the Timor Sea. The Australian plate is bordered (clockwise) by the Eurasian plate, the Philippine plate, the Pacific plate, the Antarctic plate, the African plate and the Indian plate. It is however known from movement studies that this definition of the Australian plate is 20% less accurate than one that assumes independently moving Capricorn, and Macquarie microplates. == Geography ==

The northeasterly side is a complex but generally convergent boundary with the Pacific plate. The Pacific plate is subducting under the Australian plate, which forms the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches, and the parallel Tonga and Kermadec island arcs. It has also uplifted the eastern parts of New Zealand's North Island. The continent of Zealandia, which separated from Australia and stretches from New Caledonia in the north to New Zealand's subantarctic islands in the south, is now being torn apart along the transform boundary marked by the Alpine Fault. South of New Zealand the boundary becomes a transitional transform-convergent boundary, the Macquarie fault zone, where the Australian plate is beginning to subduct under the Pacific plate along the Puysegur Trench. Extending southwest of this trench is the Macquarie Ridge. The southerly side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic plate called the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR). The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the biogeographical Wallace line that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of Australasia. The eastern islands of Indonesia lie mainly on the Eurasian plate, but have Australasian-related fauna and flora. Southeasterly lies the Sunda Shelf. To the east of Indonesia there appears to be under the Indian Ocean a deformation zone between the Indian and Australian plates with both earthquake and global satellite navigation system data indicating that India and Australia are not moving on the same vectors northward and have started a process of again separating. This zone is along the northern Ninety East Ridge which implies this area presently is weaker tectonically than the area where originally the Indian and Australian plates merged which is believed to have been further to the north west. There is also deformation in an approximately zone north of the Southeast Indian Ridge between the Australian plate and the proposed Capricorn plate. == Origins ==

It is known that the Eastern Pilbara Craton within present day Western Australia, contains some of the oldest surface rocks on earth being pristine crust up to 3.8 billion years ago. Accordingly, the Pilbara Craton continues to be studied for clues as to the commencement and subsequent course of plate tectonics. Depositional age of the Mount Barren Group on the southern margin of the Yilgarn craton and zircon provenance analysis support the hypothesis that collisions between the Pilbara–Yilgarn and Yilgarn–Gawler Cratons assembled a proto-Australian continent approximately (Dawson et al. 2002). Australia and East Antarctica were merged with Gondwana between 570 and starting in the Ediacaran (South African Kuunga Orogeny). As a separate plate, the Australian plate came into being on the breakup of Gondwana with final separation from what is now the Antarctic plate and Zealandia starting in the Early Cretaceous between about and finishing in the Cenomanian at about . The separation continued with various authors modelling full separation time based on sea levels and/or biological separation. A currently widely used reference model for plate movement has total separation of Tasmania by 60 million years ago although some had argued historically that this was as recent as 45 million years ago. == Speed ==

devices. The Australian plate, which Australia is on, is moving faster than other plates. The Australian plate is moving about 6.9 cm (2.7 inches) a year in a northward direction and with a small clockwise rotation. The Global Positioning System must be updated due to the movement, as some locations move faster. Technically movement is a vector and requires to be related to something. Much of the work involved in determining these plate vectors involves assurance that the points of reference are representative of the plates they are on, as distortion will be likely in areas of tectonic activity. Further assumptions such as there are only 8 plates were made in earlier modelling when as many as 52 may exist, with independent movement, although fair accuracy for larger plate movement can be obtained if only 25 are modelled. This has resulted in shear complexities, resolved by the formation of multiple microplates and convergence velocity that varies between where the Solomon Sea plate subducts under the South Bismarck plate and Pacific plate at the New Britain subduction zone. To the south of this there is sea floor spreading between the Australian plate and the Woodlark plate in the Woodlark Basin while the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Australian plate occurs to the south east in the New Hebrides Trench of the Vanuatu subduction zone under the New Hebrides plate. As we go south the convergence rate falls from north of the Torres Islands to in the central section of the trench, to rise again to in the south. Very active spreading then resumes in the North Fiji Basin where the edge of the Australian plate makes a transition in a bend up towards the north-east via the transform faults of the Hunter fracture zone to Fiji. The Australian plate interacts at the southern and south-eastern border of the North Fiji Basin with the microplates of the New Hebrides already mentioned, as well as with the Conway Reef plate and the Balmoral Reef plates. To the west of Fiji the Australian plate interacts in the spreading centre of the Lau Basin with the Niuafo'ou plate and the clockwise rotating Tonga plate under which the Pacific plate is subducting in the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone. The back arc spreading in the Lau Basin continues almost due south in the line of interaction between the Australian and Tonga plates to the Kermadec plate and on to New Zealand where direct interaction resumes with the Pacific plate south of the Taupō Volcanic Zone and such direct interaction continues into the Macquarie fault zone to the south of New Zealand. There is up to per year motion accommodated with complex rotational components in the collision dynamics between the north eastern Australian plate and the rotating Tonga plate, the long thin Kermadec plate and the south western aspects of the Pacific plate. The Pacific plate east to west convergence rates along the subduction systems with the Kermadec plate, which are perhaps simpler to state, are among the fastest on Earth, being per year in the north and per year in the south. At the central Alpine Fault in New Zealand the subduction component of the Pacific plate moving westward is about per year. The Australian plate then to the south starts subducting under the Pacific plate at a rate of at the Puysegur Trench, Data from the long Southeast Indian Ridge only became available after about 1985 and this gives a fairly consistent spreading rate between the Antarctic and Australian plates of per year at a heading of 80° (slightly north of due east, at the Amsterdam transform fault to the south western side of Australian plate), per year with heading 120° (southeast) and per year near the Macquarie triple junction which is the south eastern side of the Australian plate. The Capricorn plate at the western side of the Australian plate is moving at per year ± per year with heading 45° (northwest) relative to the Australia plate. ==See also==