The creoles of eastern Indonesia appear to have formed as Malays, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common: •
ə becomes
a,
e, or assimilates to the following vowel •
i, u lowered to
e, o in some environments, especially when it is at the end of a syllable • there is a loss of final plosives
p, t, k, and
n the neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon • the
perfective marker
juga reduces to
ju or
jo • the
perfective marker
lebih reduces to
le • the
perfective marker
mau reduces to
mo • the
perfective marker
mana reduces to
ma (
as this only occur on Kupang Malay). • the
perfective marker
dan reduces to
deng • the
perfective marker
pun reduces to
pung • the
perfective marker
sudah reduces to
su or
so Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.
Ambonese Malay Banda Malay Banda Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken in
Banda Islands,
Maluku. Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Banda Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features. Example : • : I • : you • : we • : ants (deviated from Dutch : )
Dili Malay Dili Malay is a variety of trade Malay spoken in
Dili,
Timor Leste especially in the Kampung Alor area. According to experts, before becoming the
mother tongue of a number of its speakers, this language was originally a
pidgin language (Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). Then, in its development, this pidgin language became a
creole language which was used in wider social interactions in society (Todd, 1974:50). Due to the long historical presence of the
Portuguese in East Timor, several Dili Malay loanwords originate from
Portuguese and
Tetum, with little influences from other native languages.
Gorap Gorap is a Malay-based creole language predominantly spoken by Gorap (
Bobaneigo) ethnic group, indigenous to
western and
northern regions of the Indonesian island of
Halmahera. It shares vocabulary with other
Papuan languages and some of languages spoken in Sulawesi, such as
Buginese and
Cia-Cia. Roughly around 60 out of 200 attested words in this language were indicated sharing vocabulary with those languages.
Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Maumere Malay Maumere Malay is a Malay-based creole on or even a
pidgin spoken in
Maumere, a small town on the north coast of
Flores Island,
East Nusa Tenggara. There is no clear classification of this language, but if we look at the linguistic characteristics and speech conditions, this language is included in the pidgin language, because the vocabulary and grammar are limited, and often taken from several different languages. This language is most commonly used in situations such as trade or when people speak different languages and do not understand each other.
Sula Malay Sula Malay is a variety of Malay-based creole language which is generally used by
multiethnic society in
Sula Islands and
Taliabu Island in the southwest part of
North Maluku. The Sula Malay is heavily influenced by other languages, This can be found in loan words originating from
Ambonese Malay and
Dutch language can be found in Sula Malay. Some contraction vocabulary can also be found in this language, as is the case in
North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay).
Ternate/North Moluccan Malay Papuan Malay ==References==