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Blue Mosque, Yerevan

The Blue Mosque is an 18th-century Iranian Twelver Shia mosque, located in Yerevan, Armenia. It was commissioned by Hoseyn Ali Khan, the khan of the Erivan Khanate. It is one of the oldest extant structures in central Yerevan and the most significant structure from the city's Iranian period. It was the largest of the eight mosques of Yerevan in the 19th century and is the only active mosque in Armenia today.

Names
Western visitors in the Russian period, such as H. F. B. Lynch and Luigi Villari, referred to the mosque as Gök Jami (Gok Djami), which translates from Turkish as 'sky blue mosque'. It is known as 'Blue Mosque' in Armenian, although is sometimes used as well. It is known in Persian as 'Friday mosque' or 'city congregational mosque'. ==History==
History
, 1917 Early history The mosque was built in 1765–1766 (AH 1179) by Hoseyn Ali Khan, the ruler of the Erivan Khanate under the Afsharid dynasty, The minaret of the mosque, standing at was the tallest structure in 19th-century Yerevan. Soviet period The mosque was secularized after Soviet rule was established in Armenia. The mosque's entrances and exits were modified significantly. The main gate, on the southern side, to the right of the minaret was blocked. The western gate was "incorporated into a residence complex and became hardly recognizable as an entrance." The entrance on the northern side became the only entrance. It is accessible and visible from Mashtots Avenue. Beginning with Alexander Tamanian's 1924 master plan for Yerevan, the mosque has been situated more than two meters below the street level, which requires visitors to descend a flight of steps. The mosque ceased to operate as a religious institution in the mid-1920s. Its courtyard became a "creative space for Armenian artists, writers, poets, and intelligentsia, facilitating the production of a new cultural and aesthetic order for socialist Armenia. The courtyard was protected by large elm and plane trees, and in this way provided the hot and dusty city with a shaded refuge." The courtyard housed a teahouse, which became a hub for intellectual gatherings. Yeghishe Charents, Martiros Saryan, Aksel Bakunts were among its regular visitors. Foreign guests included Armenian-American writer William Saroyan, Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, Russian novelist Andrei Bely and others. Local artists used the "courtyard for exhibitions and as a laboratory for new socialist spirituality." Seyed Hossein Tabatabai, Adviser of the Cultural Center of the Iranian Embassy in Armenia, noted that the mosque was "preserved by the efforts of a number of Armenian intellectuals," especially Charents. . Independence period In the late 1980s, during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the mosque did not sustain any damages because it was considered to be Persian, not Azerbaijani, and housed the city's history museum. In February 1991, a preliminary agreement was reached between the city's authorities and an Iranian delegation to restore the mosque. The mosque was re-opened as a religious institution in 1996. Brady Kiesling described the restoration as "structurally necessary but aesthetically ambiguous." and 1,000 or 0.03% of the total population). Since restoration, it has become a religious and cultural center for the Iranians residing in Armenia and Iranian tourists visiting Armenia. The Iranian cultural center inside the mosque complex attracts young Armenians seeking to learn Persian. The Persian library of over 8,000 items, named after the poet Hafez, was opened inside the complex in October 2014. On December 10, 2015, the government of Armenia leased the mosque complex to the embassy of Iran to Armenia for 99 years to use it as a cultural center. During the Twelve-Day War in June 2025, the U.S. embassy in Yerevan recommended U.S. citizens exercise increased caution and avoid locations with known Iranian government affiliation, including the Blue Mosque. Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian visited and prayed at the mosque during his August 2025 visit to Armenia. In March 2026, a commemoration ceremony was held at the mosque honoring the "martyrdom" of the late Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. ==Architecture==
Architecture
The mosque is listed by the Armenian government as a monument of national significance. It is "one of the oldest buildings in central Yerevan" and the "only extant building of the Iranian period in Yerevan." The historian of Islamic art Markus Ritter described it as the "main model for the early Qajar mosque architecture of the Iranian period." The mosque complex covers an area of . The mosque itself is , while the courtyard is . Its dome design, tile patterns, brickwork and color scheme, and the layout of the main prayer area set it apart from both Sunni and Ottoman mosques. The mosque contains the traditional Shia attributes, including a minaret, three mihrabs (prayer halls), holy inscriptions, etc. The building demonstrates a noticeable connection to Iranian architectural traditions, especially with its façade design. Its continuous and refined façade, united by a double arcade, reflects the characteristics of early Qajar mosques, including the Dar ul-Ihsan Mosque at Sanandaj, the Jameh Mosque at Qom, and the Sardar Mosque and School at Qazvin. The mosque includes 24 arched cells that face the pool in the middle of the courtyard, which is surrounded by a rose garden. The minaret, standing at tall, has a 7-degree slope, but is considered to be architecturally safe. ==Efforts to list as a World Heritage Site==
Efforts to list as a World Heritage Site
In October 2007 Armenian Foreign Affairs Minister Vartan Oskanian stated during his speech at the 34th session of the UNESCO General Conference in Paris that the Blue Mosque and other sites are on the waiting list for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In January 2013 Armenian Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan stated that Armenia will take all possible steps for inclusion of the mosque in the list. She reaffirmed this position in a meeting with Iranian Culture Minister Mohammad Hosseini in April 2013. Hosseini stated that he hoped Armenian efforts would succeed. Armenia's Foreign Affairs Minister Eduard Nalbandyan, in his speech at the 38th session of UNESCO General Conference in November 2015: On October 15, 2015, Armenian Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan and First Vice President of Iran Eshaq Jahangiri attended an event dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the mosque. Abrahamyan stated in his speech that both Armenia and Iran "are now making efforts to have it put on the UNESCO World Heritage list." ==In politics==
In politics
Multiple Western and Armenian sources describe the mosque as Iranian/Persian. The anthropologist and ethnographer Tsypylma Darieva notes that "in local media and in official discourses, the Blue Mosque has been strongly associated with the new expatriate political body symbolizing the recent Armenian–Iranian friendship. This dominant reading of the place defines the Blue Mosque exclusively as the 'Persian Mosque'." Darieva notes that it served as a Friday mosque for the Muslim population in Yerevan until the mid-1920s. In Azerbaijan, the mosque is usually referred to as a monument of Azerbaijani heritage of Yerevan. One government official called it "the largest religious center of Azerbaijanis living in Yerevan." A 2007 book titled War against Azerbaijan: Targeting Cultural Heritage, published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan and the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, objected to the restoration of the mosque in the 1990s and to its "presentation as a Persian mosque." The Blue Mosque is given an exclusive Azerbaijani character by the official Azerbaijani discourse, which is spread through speeches, news and media sources, and scholarly works. Some Azerbaijani sources anachronistically equate the modern Azerbaijani nation with the ethnically diverse population of the Erivan Khanate in the 19th century. In Azerbaijan, the Heydar Aliyev Foundation has heavily funded efforts to alter historical facts in order to shape the views of Azerbaijani citizens. The independent Armenian scholar Rouben Galichian argues in his 2009 book Invention of History: At a 2022 forum, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated: "We have great respect for Islamic civilization and religion, and one of the clearest proofs of this is the Blue Mosque in the center of Yerevan, which, by the way, was restored during the period of Armenia’s independence." At the 2023 Munich Security Conference, Pashinyan, in response to Ilham Aliyev's accusation that Armenia destroyed mosques in Nagorno-Karabakh, stated that Armenia has a "Muslim minority in our country, and we have a functioning mosque." Visit of Azerbaijani MPs In February 2022 two Azerbaijani pro-government Mirkişili wrote that "Although there are inscriptions related to another state on its walls, its architecture, walls, and spirit as a whole are affiliated with Azerbaijan. We believe that its true owners will soon be able to offer their prayers in the mosque." The Iranian embassy in Armenia responded by calling the mosque a "symbol of Iranian art" and noting that "centuries-old Persian epigraphy has been preserved" on its walls. ==Artistic depictions==
Artistic depictions
The mosque has been depicting in paintings by Grigory Gagarin (d. 1893), Panos Terlemezian (1917), Sargis Hovhannisian (1921), Aleksei Ilyich Kravchenko (1934). ==See also==
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