MarketList of duplicating processes
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List of duplicating processes

This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical. There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well. There were many short-lived inventions along the way.

Duplicating processes
Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order. • Methods of copying handwritten letters • Manifold stylographic writer, using early "carbonic paper"Letter copying book process • Mechanical processes • Tracing to make accurate hand-drawn copies • Pantograph, manual device for making drawn copies without tracing, can also enlarge or reduce • Printmaking, which includes engraving and etchingRelief printing including woodcutIntaglio (printmaking) or copperplate engraving • Planographic printing • Line engravingPrinting/Applied ink methods • Letterpress printing (via printing press) • Gelatin methods (also indirect method) • HectographCollography, autocopyist • Chromograph, Copygraph, PolygraphFlexographySpirit duplicator (also Rexograph, Ditto machine, Banda machine, or Roneo) • Lithographic processes • Transfer lithographyAnastatic lithographyAutographic processOffset lithographyPhotolithographyStencil-based copying methods • PapyrographyElectric pen, invented by Thomas EdisonTrypograph (also file plate process) • Cyclostyle, NeostyleStencil-based machines • Mimeograph (also Roneo, Gestetner) • Digital Duplicators (also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and Gestetner) • Typewriter-based copying methods • Carbon paperBlueprint typewriter ribbonCarbonless copy paperPhotographic processes: • Reflex copying process (also reflectography, reflexion copying) • Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph • DaguerreotypeSalt printCalotype (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made) • CyanotypePhotostat machineRectigraphAirgraph (also V-mail) • Kodagraph autopositive paperKodagraph repro-negative paperDiffusion transfer • Verifax, Copyproof • Photomechanical transfer (also PMT') • Duostat, duoprintRetroflex (printing process)Dual spectrum processLightJetOzalidChemical processes • Aniline processCyanotype (used for blueprints) • Diazotype (also whiteprint, ammonia print, or gas print) • Heat-sensitivity methods • Thermofax (also thermography) • Eichner drycopy processAdherography • Electrostatic methods • ElectrofaxXerography, Photocopying • Ultraviolet-sensitivity methods • APT process, for transferring drawings to animation cels • Image scanning and digital printing == External links ==
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