Primates Primate research •
Cartmill & Brown (2026) review the history of
the visual-predation theory, and argue that it represents the best available explanation for the origin of primates. • One of the oldest euprimate petrosal bones reported to date, likely belonging to
Marcgodinotius indicus, is described from the Eocene strata from the Vastan Lignite Mine (India) by Silcox et al. (2026). • Alfieri et al. (2026) reconstruct the locomotor behavior of Malagasy Quaternary lemurs on the basis of the study of their humeral and femoral trabecular architecture, reporting evidence of suspensory adaptations not only in
sloth lemurs, but also in
Megaladapis edwardsi. • Cooke et al. (2026) report the first discovery of mandibular remains of
Stirtonia victoriae from the
La Victoria Formation (Colombia), and interpret their anatomy as indicative of leaf-eating adaptations of the studied monkey. • Arias-Martorell et al. (2026) report evidence of similarities of shape of the
radial head of
Pliobates cataloniae and extant apes, and interpret
Pliobates as better adapted to climbing than to behaviors involving forelimb-dominated suspension. • Evidence of similarity of molar morphology to those of members of the genus
Papio, and likely evidence of opportunistic feeding strategies, is reported in a specimen of
Paradolichopithecus aff. arvernensis from the Dafnero-3 site (Greece) by Plastiras et al. (2026). • Choudhary et al. (2026) provided new paleomagnetic and stratigraphic data for the Ramnagar region of India, re-dating its primate-yielding localities to 13.03–11.59 Ma and extending the known chronological range of the primates like
Sivapithecus,
Kapi and
Ramadapis by approximately 200,000 years. • Evidence from the study of the cranial
endocast of
Rudapithecus hungaricus, indicative of presence of
sulcal patterns similar to those seen in gorillas, is presented by Assance, Silcox &
Begun (2026). • Spassov et al. (2026) report the discovery of a nearly complete femur of
cf. Graecopithecus from the Miocene strata from the Azmaka-6 locality near Chirpan (Bulgaria), sharing morphological traits with both quadrupeds and bipeds, and interpreted as indicative of a transitional locomotor repertoire including both terrestrial quadrupedalism and an early form of facultative bipedalism. • Evidence from the study of teeth and the bony labyrinth of
Oreopithecus bambolii, interpreted as indicating that the studied primate was more likely to be a derived
stem hominoid than a close relative of Miocene apes from Europe or gibbons, is presented by Urciuoli et al. (2026). • Jansma & Locke (2026) interpret
Xenopithecus koruensis as a valid
basal hominoid taxon distinct from
Proconsul africanus. • Williams et al. (2026) study the anatomy of ulna and femur or
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, interpreted as indicative of presence of adaptations to bipedalism in spite of similarities in size and geometric morphometric shape to bones of chimpanzees.
General paleoanthropology • Cerrito, Burkart & van Schaik (2026) review the techniques used to extract information on life history from hominin fossils. • Evidence indicating that hominins repeatedly inhabited areas of Africa with climate suitable for both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis during their evolutionary history is presented by Trájer (2026). • Evidence from the study of ethnohistorical and ethnographic records of modern
endurance pursuit hunters, indicating that optimization of subsistence efficiency and signaling of hunting prowess were likely the primary selective pressures in the evolution of a running gait of early hominins, is presented by Winterhalder & Morin (2026). • Gat, Subsol & Braga (2026) compare the development of the cortical bone in the mandible during the early ontogeny of extant chimpanzees and human and in fossil hominins, linking the robust morphology of the mandible of
Paranthropus to a distinct developmental trajectory. • Orr et al. (2026) provide a catalog of isolated postcranial remains of hominins from
Drimolen (South Africa) collected between 1994 and 2015. •
Alemseged et al. (2026) report the discovery of fossil material of
Paranthropus from the Mille-Logya research area determined to be between 2.5 and 2.9-million-years-old, representing the first record of the genus in the Afar region of Ethiopia and one of the oldest records of a member of the genus reported to date. • Evidence of a comparable range of stress values on the pelvic floor of australopithecines and humans during birth is presented by Frémondière et al. (2026). • Beaudet et al. (2026) present a digital reconstruction of the face of the
Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 ("
Little Foot"). • The most complete skeleton of
Homo habilis reported to date is described from the upper Burgi Member of the Koobi Fora Formation (Kenya) by
Grine et al. (2026). • Delagnes et al. (2026) study the mobility of Early Pleistocene hominins from the Lower Omo Valley (
Shungura Formation, Ethiopia), providing evidence of transport of quartz for the production of
Oldowan stone tools from the alluvial fans of the Hamar Range, over 10 km from the sites preserving the stone tools, located in areas that lacked stone material but had rich faunal assemblages. • Evidence from the study of Oldowan tools from the Shungura Formation, indicating that different sediment types produced characteristic wear of the studied tools that can be distinguished wear caused by other types of sediment and from anthropogenic use-wear, is presented by Galland et al. (2026). • Dominguez-Rodrigo et al. (2026) report the discovery of a new site (Emiliano Aguirre Korongo) at
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) preserving proboscidean remains with bone modifications interpreted as the authors as evidence of butchery assisted by stone tools, and interpret the fossil record of megafaunal bone modifications at Olduvai Gorge as consistent with more frequent and widespread megafaunal butchery after 1.8 million years ago, roughly coinciding with the replacement of Oldowan industries by
Acheulian ones. • Tu et al. (2026) determine the
three crania of Homo erectus from the Yunxian site (Hubei, China) to be approximately 1.77 million years old, representing the oldest securely dated hominin fossils from eastern Asia reported to date. • Gousset et al. (2026) study the phylogenetic relationships of
Homo luzonensis, and interpret the studied hominin as most likely originating from an Asian population of
Homo erectus, resulting in evolutionary reversals in an insular context and likely caused by living in tropical environment. • A study on the technological characteristics of the stone tools from the
Rizal Archaeological Site (Philippines) is published by Guibert et al. (2026). • Li et al. (2026) report a new
Lower Paleolithic site with stone tools and animal remains (the Daanmiao site) in the Bailong River valley (Gansu, China) providing evidence of hominin occupation of western Qinling Mountain Ranges approximately 900,000 years ago, and evidence of more favorable habitat for early hominins in the studied area than in other parts of North China during the
Mid-Pleistocene Transition. • Evidence from the study of charcoal from the
Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site (Israel), interpreted as indicative of habitual gathering of firewood by early Middle Pleistocene hominins (likely from available driftwood), is presented by Allué et al. (2026). • A study on Acheulean tools from the Revilleja de Valparaíso (Spain), interpreted as indicative of presence of diverse technological traditions with distinct origins in Western Europe around 700,000 years ago, is published by García-Vadillo et al. (2026). • Approximately 430,000-years-old wooden tools are identified from the Marathousa site in the Megalopolis Basin (Greece) by Milks et al. (2026). • Martín-Francés et al. (2026) interpret the molar wear in the
Sima de los Huesos hominins as suggestive of a mixed diet including similar proportions of meat and plant foods. • Parfitt & Bello (2026) describe a 480,000-years-old knapping tool made on an elephant bone from the
Boxgrove Palaeolithic site (United Kingdom), representing the oldest case of an elephant bone being used as a raw material in Europe reported to date. • A study on the Acheulean handaxe variability in southeastern Britain, interpreted as consistent with presence of distinct regional cultural groups during the
Marine Isotope Stage 11, is published by White et al. (2026). • García-Martínez et al. (2026) provide the first proteomics-based sex identification of a hominin tooth from the Middle Pleistocene of western Europe, using the analysis of the presence of amelogenin to attribute a hominin molar from the Middle Pleistocene site of Ruidera (Spain) to a male individual. • Rosas et al. (2026) review different models of evolution of European hominins during the Middle Pleistocene (including evolutionary models including all European population in the lineage ancestral to Neanderthals and the models proposing coexistence of multiple contemporaneous lineages in Europe) and the analytical frameworks supporting these models. • Yue et al. (2026) report evidence of production of diverse stone tools at the Xigou site (Henan, China) between 160,000 and 72,000 years ago, including evidence of well-organised core reduction strategies, production of diverse small flake-based tools, and
hafted implements. • Siemssen et al. (2026) report evidence of antibacterial properties of birch tar produced with methods used in Europe during the Middle Paleolithic. • Verheijen et al. (2026) study evidence of Neanderthal activity in faunal remains from the Lehringen site (Germany), reporting evidence of defleshing of a straight-tusked elephant when its carcass was in fresh state and evidence of butchery of a beaver, bear and
aurochs. • A study on Neanderthal teeth from the Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains (Russia), indicating that the studied sample overall falls within the known Neanderthal phenotypic variability but also preserves specific morphological traits, is published by Gicqueau et al. (2026). • Massilani et al. (2026) present a high-quality genome of an approximately 110,000-years-old Neanderthal individual from the Denisova Cave (Russia), providing evidence of a closer relationship of the studied individual to a 120,000-years-old Neanderthal from the same cave than to a 80,000-years-old individual from the Chagyrskaya Cave or to European Neanderthals, evidence of gene flow from Denisovans in both Neanderthals from the Denisova Cave, and evidence of differentiation between Altai and European Neanderthals comparable to that of the most differentiated populations of modern humans. • Evidence from the study of rhinocerotid remains from Middle Paleolithic sites in France and Spain, interpreted as consistent with use of rhinoceros teeth as tools (including soft hammers and anvils) by Neanderthals, is presented by Sanz-Royo et al. (2026). • Picin et al. (2026) report new mitogenomes of at least 7 Neanderthal individuals from the Stajnia Cave (Poland), interpreted as likely dating to
Marine Isotope Stage 5, find that the studied individual carried mitochondrial DNA lineages related to those Western Europe and the northern Caucasus, and interpret their findings as possible evidence of a widespread mitochondrial DNA lineage that was subsequently replaced by the mtDNA found in late Neanderthals. • Evidence of exploitation of
European pond turtles by Neanderthals occupying the Neumark-Nord site (Germany) during the
Last Interglacial is presented by
Gaudzinski-Windheuser et al. (2026). • Palancar et al. (2026) provide evidence of a clear morphological distinction between
axes of Neanderthals and modern humans on the basis of the study of a Neanderthal axis from the
Sidrón Cave (Spain). • Rodrigo et al. (2026) provide evidence from the study of animal remains from the
Fumane Cave (Italy) indicative of a structured subsistence strategy of Neanderthals occupying the site, including processing of carcasses at kill locations and selective transport of high-yield portions of the carcasses into the cave for secondary processing. • Burke et al. (2026) determine the distribution of habitats suitable for Neanderthals and modern humans in Europe during stadial and interstadial events of Marine Isotope Stage 3, providing evidence of a shift but not complete disappearance of habitats suitable for Neanderthals as a result of climate changes, weak connectivity between optimal regions for Neanderthals, and overlaps between optimal regions of the two hominins. • A Neanderthal infant assigned to the 6- to 14-month age range, providing evidence of rapid somatic growth in early life of Neanderthals, is described from the
Amud Cave (Israel) by Been et al. (2026). • Evidence of short-term Neanderthal occupations of the Eirós cave (Spain), indicative of high mobility of late Neanderthal communities from northwestern Iberian Peninsula, is presented by Rodríguez-Álvarez et al. (2026). • Fotiadou et al. (2026) reconstruct the demographic history of late Neanderthals on the basis of data from mitochondrial DNA, reporting evidence indicating that nearly all late Neanderthals from Europe belonged to a single mitochondrial DNA lineage, likely as a result of expansion across Europe from a refugium in southwestern France, and evidence of rapid decline in the effective population size of late Neanderthals shortly before their extinction. • Schoenemann et al. (2026) interpret differences in brain anatomy of Neanderthals and modern humans as falling within the range of differences between modern human populations, and find no evidence of significang cognitive differences between Neanderthals and modern humans that might have contributed to Neanderthal extinction. • Platt, Harris &
Tishkoff (2026) reconstruct likely patterns of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans on the basis of the study of their X chromosomes, interpreted as indicating that their interbreeding predominantly involved Neanderthal men mating with anatomically modern women. • Evidence from the study of Middle and Upper Paleolithic assemblages, indicating that overall anatomically modern human occupations can be distinguished from Neanderthal ones on the basis of tighter and more cohesive clusters of archaeological remains, is presented by Merino-Pelaz & Cobo-Sánchez (2026). • Evidence of utility of the study of nonmetric traits at the enamel-dentine junction for distinguishing teeth of Neanderthals and modern humans is presented by Becam, Chevalier & Colard (2026). •
Hublin et al. (2026) report the discovery of new, approximately 773,000-years-old hominin fossils from Grotte à Hominidés at Thomas Quarry I in Casablanca (Morocco), close in age to
Homo antecessor but morphologically distinct from members of this species, preserving a combination of primitive and derived traits seen in Eurasian archaic hominins and in
Homo sapiens. • Evidence from the study of a stratified sequence of lithic assemblages ranging from Acheulian to the Middle Stone Age from the
Amanzi Springs archaeological site (South Africa), indicative of emergence of the Middle Stone Age in the studied area around 230,000 years ago, is presented by Blackwood et al. (2026). • Evidence of consistent and specialized extraction of hornfels for the production of stone tools between 220,000 and 110,000 years ago is reported from the Jojosi site (South Africa) by Will et al. (2026). • Beyene et al. (2026) report the discovery of approximately 100,000-years-old human skeletons and Middle Stone Age artifacts from the Halibee member of the
Dawaitoli Formation (Ethiopia), interpreted as preserved in a wooded depositional environment with seasonal flooding. • García-Morato et al. (2026) reconstruct climate and vegetation changes in southern Africa from
Marine Isotope Stage 5 to Marine Isotope Stage 3, and find that the emergence of the 76,000-67,000-years-old
Stilbaai lithic technocomplex coincided with humid, cool phase that likely supported high biomass and expanded habitable zones, while the 64,000-60,000 years of
Howiesons Poort technocomplex arose and ended during peaks of aridity, with a wetter interval midway through them. • Evidence from the study of engraved ostrich eggshell fragments from the Howiesons Poort technocomplex, indicating that the studied engravings represent an expression of complex graphic representation by Middle Stone Age humans, is presented by Decembrini et al. (2026). • Alichane et al. (2026) study the morphology of the enamel-dentine junction of the first and second molars in hominins associated with the Middle Stone Age
Aterian technocomplexes in northwestern Africa, reporting evidence of overall closer morphological similarity to anatomically modern humans than to Neanderthals, but also evidence of morphological differences that might be related to the age and large size of the studied teeth. • Evidence of application of poison derived from plants (likely from
Boophone disticha) on the tips of 60,000-years-old arrowhead from the
Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter (South Africa) is presented by Isaksson, Högberg & Lombard (2026). • Review of research on the origin and on the course of global spread of
Homo sapiens out of Africa from the preceding years is published by Groucutt (2026). • Litov, Ben-Dor & Barkai (2026) interpret the decline of use of in heavy-duty tools in Levant after the Lower-Middle Paleolithic transition, coinciding with decline of megaherbivores in the studied region, as indicating that the studied tools were primarily used for processing of large prey. • Abbas et al. (2026) provide evidence from the study of riverine wetland environments from the Hamra Faddan and Wadi al-Hasa localities from the eastern margin of the Jordan Rift Valley interpreted as indicating that southern Levant provided a stable environmental niche that sustained human populations from the late Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic. • Zhao et al. (2026) study the morphology of hominin limb bones from the Salawusu site (China), finding no evidence of diagnostic features of the Neanderthal lineage, and reporting morphological evidence consistent with affinities with modern humans. • Li et al. (2026) report evidence from the study of the palynological record from the East China Sea continental shelf spanning the past 71,000 years indicative of presence of a cool, dry temperate grassland biome during the lowstand intervals (including the
Last Glacial Maximum), as well as evidence of presence of an open-forest landscape during the milder conditions of the
Marine Isotope Stage 3, and interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of the exposed East China Sea continental shelf as a habitat facilitating the initial dispersal of early modern humans into East Asia. • Oktaviana et al. (2026) provide age estimates for Pleistocene rock art (hand stencils, human figures and non-figurative, geometric motifs) from southeastern Sulawesi (Indonesia) and determine the calcite overlying a hand stencil from
Liang Metanduno on Muna Island to be at least 67,800 years old, representing the oldest demonstrated minimum-age constraints for
parietal art worldwide reported to date, and interpreted as the oldest known archaeological evidence for the presence of
Homo sapiens in Wallacea. • Borreggine et al. (2026) reconstruct likely timing and paths of early human migration from
Sundaland into
Sahul, and find northern routes of migration to be more likely than southern when changes of sea level and ocean currents are taken into account. • Evidence indicating that
Aurignacian artifacts from cave sites in southwestern Germany were adorned with geometric sign sequences of comparable complexity to that of early
proto-cuneiform is presented by Bentz & Dutkiewicz (2026). • Röding et al. (2026) study the morphology of the Late Pleistocene frontal bone from Hahnöfersand (Germany) described by Bräuer (1980), interpret it as falling within the variability of Holocene
Homo sapiens, and find no evidence of a morphology intermediate between those of Neanderthals and modern humans. • A study on the age of the carbonate thin layers covering or underlying rock art from the
Cave of Altamira (Spain), providing evidence of several periods of cave art from the ceiling of the studied cave, is published by Pons-Branchu et al. (2026). • Evidence from the Velika Pećina, Velika Vranovica and Pećina kod Stene cave sites (Serbia), indicative of human presence in central Balkans during the
Last Glacial Maximum, is presented by Kuhn et al. (2026). • Masojć et al. (2026) describe a Late Pleistocene human tooth from the Khutul Usny Cave site, representing the first fossil of an early
Homo sapiens in Mongolia with secure geological context and providing evidence of presence of the species in southern Mongolia around the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. • Evidence indicating that
Solutrean artifacts from the Peña Capón rock shelter (Muriel-Tamajón, Spain) were sourced 600 to 700 kilometers away from this site, in the present-day territory of southwest France, is presented by Sánchez de la Torre et al. (2026). • Reiche et al. (2026) determine the age of the carbon black-based figures in the rock art from the
Font-de-Gaume cave (France) on the basis of chemical imaging and radiocarbon dating. • Parfitt et al. (2026) identify an Upper Paleolithic pendant made out of a polished seal tooth from the
Kents Cavern (United Kingdom), which was an inland site during the
Magdalenian occupation. • Allaby et al. (2026) reconstruct the environment of the Southern River system in southern
Doggerland on the basis of sedimentological and sedimentary ancient DNA, and report evidence indicating that early colonization of Doggerland was facilitated by presence of northern refugia during the early
Mesolithic. • Evidence from the study of assemblages of Pleistocene perishable objects from the Cougar Mountain Cave and Paisley Caves (Oregon, United States), indicative of complexity and sophistication of perishable technologies in the North American Great Basin during the Late Pleistocene, is presented by Rosencrance et al. (2026). • He et al. (2026) reconstruct the course of peopling of East Asia and subsequent diversification of populations from the studied area during the Paleolithic and Neolithic on the basis of data from Y chromosome genomic data from ancient and modern individuals. • Zhang et al. (2026) sequence genomes of individuals from the Donghulin site in the North China Plain, and report evidence of population changes over two millennia during the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition. • A partial humerus with morphological affinities with Late Upper Paleolithic modern humans is described from early Holocene strata from Heilongjiang (China) by Wei et al. (2026). • Evidence from the study of stone tool assemblages from the Buhais Rockshelter (United Arab Emirates) indicative of repeated occupation of the studied area between 210,000 and 16,000 years ago (including in the time of overall increased aridity of the Arabian Peninsula between 60,000 and 16,000 years ago) is presented by Bretzke et al. (2026). • Evidence from the study of
Natufian artefacts and rock art from the Sahout site and the neighbouring sites of Jebel Arnaan and Jebel Misma (Saudi Arabia), indicative of occupation of the studied area by communities interacting with people from the Fertile Crescent during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene, is presented by Shipton et al. (2026). • Davin et al. (2026) report the discovery of clay ornaments from Natufian (late
Epipalaeolithic) sites in Israel, interpreted as produced both by adults and by children, and representing the earliest known clay ornamental tradition outside of Europe. • Evidence of intentional pyre cremation at the HOR-1 site (
Malawi) approximately 9500 years before present, representing the oldest adult pyre cremation in the world reported to date, is presented by Cerezo-Román et al. (2026). • Surovell et al. (2026) provide new information on the age of the purported pre-Clovis site
Monte Verde II (Chile), and argue that the site cannot be older than the middle Holocene. • The first molecular evidence of
HPV16 in ancient anatomically modern humans is reported from the study of ancient DNA of the
Ust'-Ishim man and
Ötzi by Yazigi et al. (2026). • Balzeau et al. (2026) provide a direct comparison between brain and
endocast characteristics in the same individuals on the basis of data from the study of 75 volunteers, reporting the discovery of endocranial marks unrelated to cerebral
sulci, and propose a new standardised approach to the study of fossil endocasts and reconstruction of brains of fossil hominins. • Review of virtual anatomy methods used in paleoanthropological studies is published by Aramendi & de Jager (2026). • Keevil et al. (2026) provide measurement data from bone surface modifications resulting from simulated stone tool and percussive butchery, carnivore feeding trials and ungulate trampling, facilitating identification of bone modifications in the studies on the origin and evolution of human carnivory.
Rodents Rodent research • A study on the fossil record of Asian rodents spanning the last 55 million years, providing evidence of impact of tectonic and climatic changes on ecomorphological diversity of Asian rodent assemblages throughouth their evolutionary history, is published by Peng & Hopkins (2026). • Li, Bi & Li (2026) present the first virtual
endocasts of Paleogene
ctenodactyloids Exmus mini and
Bounomys ulantatalensis. • The first fossil material of
Hystrix subcristata from Taiwan is reported from the Pleistocene Chiting Formation by Halaçlar & Lin (2026). • Buldrini et al. (2026) describe fossil material of
Phugatherium sp. from the Pliocene strata of Mininco Formation (Chile), extending known distribution of capybaras west of the Andes. • Selvatici et al. (2026) determine a previously unidentified mummified animal from the Homestake Gulch site (Yukon, Canada) as a late Holocene (approximately 3000-years-old)
New World porcupine, report the recovery of the first complete ancient mitochondrial genome of a member of this species, and interpret this finding as evidence of appearance of the New World porcupines in the studied area after the appearance of the boreal forest in the aftermath of the Last Glacial Period. • Carrillo et al. (2026) study the evolutionary history of caviomorph rodents on the basis of data from extant and extinct members of the group, providing evidence of different trajectories of taxonomic and morphological diversification of Chinchilloidea and Octodontoidea. • Evidence from the study of tooth wear of caviomorph rodents from the Paleogene strata of the Shapaja in Peruvian Amazonia, indicative of diverse dietary strategies of the studied rodents, is presented by Robinet et al. (2026). • A study on the evolution of incisors of Eocene-Oligocene muroid rodents from
Balkanatolia is published by van de Weerd et al. (2026). • Baca et al. (2026) reconstruct the evolutionary history of the field vole species complex based on data from modern mitogenomes and nuclear genomes and from ancient genomes of specimens spanning the last 75,000 years. • Alfaro-Ibáñez et al. (2026) study mitochondrial genomes of Pleistocene
tundra voles from the
El Mirón Cave (Spain), and identify a novel, extinct southern European haplogroup within this species. • Evidence from the study of molars of
Stenocranius anglicus (European narrow-headed vole) from Middle Pleistocene to Holocene localities in Czech Republic and Slovakia, indicative of more pronounced morphological variation between populations from different sites than between stratigraphic stages and of long-term survival of the species in isolated populations, is presented by Dubjelová et al. (2026). • A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of extant and extinct hamsters is published by Dirnberger et al. (2026). • Bujalska et al. (2026) reconstruct the evolutionary history of European small hamsters on the basis of mitochondrial genomes from Late Pleistocene and Holocene remains from Central and Western Europe, the Balkans and Anatolia, identifying evidence of presence of the
winter white dwarf hamster in Central Europe during the Late Pleistocene. • Pacheco-Castro, Carranza-Castañeda &
Wang (2026) report the discovery of fossil material of
Sigmodon minor from the Pliocene strata of the San Miguel de Allende Basin, representing the first record of the species from central Mexico and its southernmost known record in North America.
Other euarchontoglires Miscellaneous euarchontoglires research • Zhang & Wang (2026) revise and study the affinities of fossil lagomorphs from China. • Chester et al. (2026) report the discovery of fossil material of
Purgatorius from the
Denver Formation (Colorado, United States), representing the first record of a
Puercan plesiadapiform south of Montana reported to date. ==Laurasiatherians==