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Capital punishment in Islam

Capital punishment in Islam is traditionally regulated by sharia, which is derived from the Quran and ahadith. Capital crimes in sharia are often interpreted to include murder, rape, adultery, and homosexual intercourse. Capital punishment is used in many Muslim-majority countries, where it is often seen as prescribed by sharia for crimes such as apostasy, adultery, witchcraft, murder, and rape.

Capital crimes and sentencing
Both the hadiths and the Quran mention specific crimes for which capital punishment is a valid punishment. In the four primary schools of Sunni fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and the two primary schools of Shi'a fiqh, certain types of crimes mandate capital punishment. Qisas Qisas is a category of sentencing where sharia permits capital punishment, for intentional or unintentional murder. In the case of death, sharia gives the murder victim's nearest relative or Wali () a right to, if the court approves, take the life of the killer. Hudud crimes, which are crimes against God, are considered the most serious offences under sharia law, for which punishments are prescribed in the Quran. This includes banditry and adultery: Diyya is a payment to avoid trial for crimes such as murder. Concerns have been raised that poor offenders face trial and capital punishment while wealthy offenders avoid even a trial by paying off qisas compensation. The Murder of Shahzeb Khan in 2012 brought particular attention to this issue in Pakistan. Hudud Certain hudud crimes, for example, are considered crimes against Allah and require capital punishment in public. These include apostasy (leaving Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion), fasad (mischief in the land, or moral corruption against Allah, social disturbance and creating disorder within the Muslim state) and zina (consensual heterosexual or homosexual relations not allowed by Islam, specifically pre-marital or extramarital). ==Modern applications==
Modern applications
Muslim-majority nations carry out a large percentage of the world's executions. In the 2024 Amnesty International report for capital punishment, 1 474 (97.75 %) of the 1 508 recorded executions occurred in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, Egypt, Kuwait, and Oman. However, this did not include data from China, where the number of executions is classified but believed to be over a thousand per year alone. In several Islamic countries such as Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran, both hudud and qisas punishments are part of the legal system and in use. ==Methods==
Methods
Lethal stoning and beheading in public under sharia is controversial for being a cruel form of capital punishment. These forms of execution remain part of the law enforced in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Iran and Mauritania. However no stoning has been implemented for many years. Quotations regarding stoning can be seen in hadiths including the following: Decapitation in Islam Decapitation was a standard method of execution in pre-modern Islamic law. The use of decapitation for punishment continued well into the 20th century in both Islamic and non-Islamic nations. When done properly, it was once considered a humane and honorable method of execution. Today, its use had been abandoned in most countries by the end of the 20th century. Decapitation is a legal method of execution in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Yemen, and was reportedly used in 2001 in Iran according to Amnesty International, where it is no longer in use. In Islamic scripture There is a debate as to whether the Quran discusses decapitation. One surah could potentially be used to provide a justification for decapitation in the context of war: Al-Qurtubi reads the reference to striking at the necks as conveying the gravity and severity of the fighting. For al-Qurtubi, al-Tabari, and Ibn Kathir, the expression indicates the brevity of the act, as it is confined to battle and is not a continuous command. It was also, together with hanging, one of the ordinary methods of execution in the Ottoman Empire. Currently, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world which uses decapitation within its Islamic legal system. which usually cause mass gatherings but are not allowed to be photographed or filmed. According to Amnesty, decapitation have been carried out by state authorities in Iran as recently as 2001, but as of 2014 is no longer in use. It is also a legal form of execution in Qatar and Yemen, but the punishment has been suspended in those countries. Historical occurrences • The Islamic followers of Mohammed executed the men of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza for a treaty violation, with several hundred killed in 627. • After the Battle of Hattin (1187), Saladin personally beheaded Raynald of Châtillon; a Christian knight who served in the Second Crusade and organized attacks against Islam's two holiest cities. • Forces of the Ottoman Empire invaded and laid siege to the city of Otranto and its citadel in 1480. According to a traditional account, after capture, more than 800 of its inhabitants – who refused to convert to Islam – were beheaded. They are known as the "Martyrs of Otranto". Historicity of this account has been questioned by modern scholars. • Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in 1880 and led Jihad against the Ottoman Empire and their British allies. He and his followers beheaded opponents, Christian and Muslim alike including the British general Charles Gordon. ==See also==
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