Cartagena, Colombia

inhabitants of the city may have looked very similar to these Taíno culture huts in Baconao Pre-Columbian era: 4000 BC – AD 1500 The Puerto Hormiga Culture, founded in the Arjona Municipality of the Bolívar Department in the Caribbean coast region, particularly in the area from the Sinú River Delta to the Cartagena Bay, appears to be the first documented human community in what is now Colombia. Archeologists estimate that around 4000 BC, the formative culture was located near the boundary between the current departments of Bolívar and Sucre. In this area, archeologists have found the most ancient ceramic objects of the Americas, dating from around 4000 BC. The primary reason for the proliferation of primitive societies in this area is thought to have been the relatively mild climate and the abundance of wildlife, which allowed the hunting inhabitants a comfortable life. Archeological investigations date the decline of the Puerto Hormiga culture and its related settlements to be ~3000 BC. The rise of a much more developed culture, the Monsú, who lived at the end of the Dique Canal near today's Cartagena neighborhoods Pasacaballos and Ciénaga Honda at the northernmost part of Barú Island, has been hypothesized. The Monsú culture appears to have inherited the Puerto Hormiga culture's use of the art of pottery and also to have developed a mixed economy of agriculture and basic manufacture. The Monsú people's diet was based mostly on shellfish and fresh and salt-water fish. The development of the Sinú society in what is today the departments of Córdoba and Sucre, eclipsed these first developments around the Cartagena Bay area. Until the Spanish colonization, many cultures derived from the Karib, Malibu and Arawak language families lived along the Colombian Caribbean coast. In the late pre-Columbian era, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was home to the Tayrona people, whose language was closely related to the Chibcha language family. Around AD 1500, the area was inhabited by different tribes of the Carib language family, more precisely the Mocanae sub-family. Mocana villages of the Carib people around the Bay of Cartagena included: :*on a sandy island facing the ocean in what is present-day downtown: Kalamarí (Calamari) :*on the island of Tierrabomba: Carex :*on Isla Barú, then a peninsula: Bahaire :*on present-day Mamonal, the eastern coast of the exterior bay: Cospique :*in the suburban area of Turbaco: Yurbaco Tribe Heredia found these settlements "...largely surrounded with the heads of dead men placed on stakes." First sightings by Europeans: 1500–1533 , founder of the city and explorer of its hinterland Rodrigo de Bastidas traveled to the Pearl Coast and the Gulf of Uraba in 1500–01. On 14 February 1504, Ferdinand V contracted Juan de la Cosa's voyage to Uraba. However, Juan de la Cosa died in 1510 along with 300 of Alonso de Ojeda's men, after an armed confrontation with indigenous people, and before Juan de la Cosa could get possession of the Gulf of Urabá area. Similar contracts were signed in 1508 with Diego de Nicuesa for the settlement of Veragua and with Alonso de Ojeda for the settlement of Uraba, "where gold had already been obtained on earlier voyages," according to Floyd. After the failed effort to found Antigua del Darién in 1506 by Alonso de Ojeda and the subsequent unsuccessful founding of San Sebastián de Urabá in 1510 by Diego de Nicuesa, the southern Caribbean coast became unattractive to colonizers. They preferred the better known Hispaniola and Cuba. Although the royal control point for trade, the Casa de Contratación gave permission to Rodrigo de Bastidas (1460–1527) to again conduct an expedition as adelantado to this area, Bastidas explored the coast and sighted the Magdalena River Delta in his first journey from Guajira to the south in 1527, a trip that ended in the Gulf of Urabá, the location of the failed first settlements. De Nicuesa and De Ojeda noted the existence of a big bay on the way from Santo Domingo to Urabá and the Panama isthmus, and that encouraged Bastidas to investigate. Colonial era: 1533–1717 , built between 1565 and 1630, is the oldest church of Cartagena de Indias. built between 1580 and 1654. The body of Saint Peter Claver is located in its main altar. Under contract to Queen Joanna of Castile, Pedro de Heredia entered the Bay of Cartagena with three ships, a lighter, 150 men, and 22 horses, on 14 January 1533. He soon found the village of Calamari abandoned. Proceeding onwards to Turbaco, where Juan de la Cosa had been mortally wounded 13 years earlier, Heredia fought an all-day battle before claiming victory. Using India Catalina as a guide, Heredia embarked on a three-month exploration expedition. He returned to Calamari in April 1533 with gold pieces, including a solid gold porcupine weighing 132 pounds. In later expeditions, Heredia raided the Sinú tombs and temples of gold. His rule as governor of Cartagena lasted 22 years, before perishing on his return to Spain in 1544. King Philip II gave Cartagena the title of "city" (ciudad) in 1574, adding "most noble and loyal" in 1575. In 1568, Sir John Hawkins tried to persuade Governor Martín de las Alas to open a trade fair in the city which would allow his men to sell foreign goods. This was a violation of Spanish law, which forbade trade with foreigners. Many in the settlement suspected this would have allowed Hawkins to sack the port afterwards; and as such the governor declined. Hawkins bombarded the city for 8 days, but failed to make any significant impacts and withdrew. Then Francis Drake attacked in April 1586 with 23 ships and 3,000 men. Drake burned 200 houses and the cathedral, departing only after a ransom was paid a month later. Spain then commissioned Bautista Antonelli in 1586 to design a master scheme for defending its Caribbean ports. This included a second visit to Cartagena in 1594 when he drew up plans for a walled city. In 1610, the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established in Cartagena and The Palace of Inquisition was completed in 1770. Sentences were pronounced in the main city plaza, today's Plaza de Bolivar, during the Autos de Fe ceremonies. Crimes under its jurisdiction included those of heresy, blasphemy, bigamy and witchcraft. A total of 767 people were punished, which ranged from fines, wearing a Sanbenito, life imprisonment, or even the death of five. The Inquisition was abolished with independence in 1811. named in honor of Spain's King Philip IV and Governor Pedro Zapata de Mendoza, Marquis of Barajas' father, the Count of Barajas. Completed in 1654, the fort was expanded in the 18th century, and included underground corridors and galleries. Starting in mid-April 1741, the city endured a siege by a large British armada under the command of Admiral Edward Vernon. The engagement, known as Battle of Cartagena de Indias, was part of the larger War of Jenkins' Ear. The British armada included 50 warships, 130 transport ships, and 25,600 men, including 2,000 North American colonial infantry. The Spanish defense was under the command of Sebastián de Eslava and Don Blas de Lezo. The British were able to take the Castillo de San Luis at Bocachica and land marines on the island of Tierrabomba and Manzanillo. The North Americans then took La Popa hill. Silver Age (1750–1808) In 1762, Antonio de Arebalo published his Defense Plan, the Report on the estate of defense on the avenues of Cartagena de Indias. This engineer continued the work to make Cartagena impregnable, including the construction from 1771 to 1778, of a 3400 yards long underwater jetty across the Bocagrande called the Escollera. Arebalo had earlier completed San Fernando, and the fort-battery of San Jose in 1759, then added El Angel San Rafael on El Horno hill as added protection across the Bocachica. The census revealed what Ensenada had hoped. However, his enemies in the court convinced King Charles III to oppose the tax plan. 1811 to the 21st century For more than 275 years, Cartagena was under Spanish rule. With Napoleon's imprisonment of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, and the start of the Peninsular War, the Latin American wars of independence soon followed. In Cartagena, on 4 June 1810, Royal Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio and the Cartagena City Council banished the Spanish Governor Francisco de Montes on suspicions of sympathy for the French emperor and the French occupation forces which overthrew the king. A Supreme Junta was formed, along with two political parties, one led by Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo representing the aristocrats, and a second led by Gabriel and German Piñeres representing the common people of Getsemani. Finally, on 11 November, a Declaration of Independence was signed proclaiming "a free state, sovereign and independent of all domination and servitude to any power on Earth". Spain's reaction was to send a "pacifying expedition" under the command of Pablo Morillo, The Pacifier, and Pascual de Enrile, which included 59 ships, and 10,612 men. The city was placed under siege on 22 August 1815. The city was defended by 3000 men, 360 cannons, and 8 ships plus ancillary small watercraft, under the command of Manuel del Castillo y Rada and Juan N. Enslava. However, by that time, the city was under the rule of the Garcia de Toledo Party, having exiled German and Gabriel Piñeres, and Simon Bolivar. By 5 December, about 300 people per day died from hunger or disease, forcing 2000 to flee on vessels provided by the French mercenary Louis Aury. By that time, 6000 had died. Morillo, in retaliation after entering the city, shot nine of the rebel leaders on 24 February 1816, at what is now known as the Camellon de los Martires. These included José María García de Toledo and Manuel del Castillo y Rada. These declines were also due to disease, including a devastating cholera epidemic in 1849. The Canal del Dique that connected it to the Magdalena River also filled with silt, leading to a drastic reduction in the amount of international trade. The rise of the port of Barranquilla only compounded the decline in trade. During the presidency of Rafael Nuñez, who was a Cartagena native, the central government finally invested in a railroad and other infrastructure improvements and modernization that helped the city to recover. Cartagena is the capital of the Bolívar department. ==Geography==

. Peter Claver was a Spanish-born Jesuit priest who dedicated his life to helping the enslaved Africans, giving them a sense of their own personal dignity. He became the patron saint of slaves, seafarers, the Republic of Colombia and ministry to Africans. Location Cartagena is located to the north of Colombia, at 10°25'N 75°32'W. It faces the Caribbean Sea to the west. To the south is the Cartagena Bay, which has two entrances: Bocachica (Small Mouth) in the south, and Bocagrande (Big Mouth) in the north. Its coastal line is characterized morphologically by dissipative beaches. Cartagena bay is an estuary with an area of approximately 84 km2. Neighborhoods Northern area In this area is the Rafael Núñez International Airport, located in the neighborhood of Crespo, ten minutes' drive from downtown or the old part of the city and fifteen minutes away from the modern area. Zona Norte, the area located immediately north of the airport, contains hotels, the urban development office of Barcelona de Indias, and several educational institutions. The old city walls, which enclose the centro or downtown area and the neighborhood of San Diego, are located to the southwest of Crespo. On the Caribbean shore between Crespo and the old city lie the neighborhoods of Marbella and El Cabrero. Downtown , built between 1704 and 1738, was the main city walls gate. This gate is one of the most successful works of the Hispanic American School of Fortification. The Downtown area of Cartagena has varied architecture, mainly a colonial style, but republican and Italian style buildings, such as the cathedral's bell tower, can be seen. The main entrance to downtown is the Puerta del Reloj (Clock Gate), which exits onto the Plaza de los Coches (Square of the Carriages). A few steps farther is the Plaza de la Aduana (Customs Square), next to the mayor's office. Nearby is San Pedro Claver Square and the church also named for Saint Peter Claver, where the body of the Jesuit saint ('Saint of the African slaves') is kept in a casket, as well as the Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is the Plaza de Bolívar (Bolívar's Square) and the Palace of Inquisition. Plaza de Bolívar (formerly known as Plaza de La Inquisicion) is essentially a small park with a statue of Simón Bolívar in the center. This plaza is surrounded by balconied colonial buildings. Shaded outdoor cafes line the street. The Office of Historical Archives devoted to Cartagena's history is not far away. Next to the archives is the Government Palace, the office building of the Governor of the Department of Bolivar. Across from the palace is the Cathedral of Cartagena, which dates back to the 16th century. Another religious building of significance is the Iglesia de Santo Domingo in front of Plaza Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo Square). In the square is the sculpture Mujer Reclinada ("Reclining Woman"), a gift from the notable Colombian artist Fernando Botero. Nearby is the Tcherassi Hotel, a 250-year-old colonial mansion renovated by designer Silvia Tcherassi. In the city is the Augustinian Fathers Convent and the University of Cartagena. This university is a center of higher education opened to the public in the late 19th century. The Claustro de Santa Teresa (Saint Theresa Cloister), which has been remodeled and has become a hotel operated by Charleston Hotels. It has its own square, protected by the San Francisco Bastion. A 20-minute walk from downtown is the Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas, located in el Pie de la Popa (another neighborhood), one of the greatest fortresses built by the Spaniards in their colonies. The tunnels were all constructed in such a way as to make it possible to hear footsteps of an approaching enemy. Some of the tunnels are open for viewing today. Cartagena's walled Old City is known in part for its lush plazas, and sherbet-hued Spanish colonial buildings. San Diego San Diego was named after the local San Diego Convent, now known as the Beaux Arts University Building. In front of it is the Convent of the Nuns of the Order of Saint Clare, now the Hotel Santa Clara. In the surrounding area is Santo Toribio Church, the last church built in the Walled City. Next to it is Fernández de Madrid Square, honoring Cartagena's hero, José Fernández de Madrid, whose statue can be seen nearby. Inside the Old City is found Las Bóvedas (The Vaults), a construction attached to the walls of the Santa Catalina Fortress. From the top of this construction the Caribbean Sea is visible. Getsemaní . Once a district characterized by crime, Getsemaní, just south of the ancient walled fortress, has become "Cartagena's hippest neighborhood and one of Latin America's newest hotspots", with plazas that were once the scene of drug dealing being reclaimed and old buildings being turned into boutique hotels. Getsemaní has become a "Ciudad Mural" to rescue the values, customs, traditions and anecdotes of the people. Bocagrande The Bocagrande (Big Mouth) is an area known for its skyscrapers. The area contains the bulk of the city's tourist facilities, such as hotels, shops, restaurants, nightclubs and art galleries. It is located between Cartagena Bay to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, and includes the two neighborhoods of El Laguito (The Little Lake) and Castillogrande (Big Castle). Bocagrande has long beaches and much commercial activity is found along Avenida San Martín (Saint Martin Avenue). The beaches of Bocagrande, lying along the northern shore, are made of volcanic sand, which is slightly grayish in color. This makes the water appear muddy, though it is not. There are breakwaters about every . On the bay side of the peninsula of Bocagrande is a seawalk. In the center of the bay is a statue of the Virgin Mary. The Naval Base is also located in Bocagrande, looking at the Bay. Climate Cartagena features a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Humidity averages around 80%, with the rainy season typically lasting in May–November. The climate tends to be hot and windy. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is one of the coastal ocean factors having a bearing on the regional climate. {{cite web ==Demographics==

was Minister for America and responsible for many policies, one of which resulted in the first modern census in the city in 1778. Ethnic composition According to the figures presented by DANE from the 2005 census, the ethnographic composition of the city is: • Whites and Mestizos: 63.2% • Black, mulatto, Afro-Colombian or Afro-descendant: 36.1% • Palenquero: 0.3% • Indigenous: 0.2% • ROM: 0.1% • Raizal: 0.1% ==Economy==

The main economic activities in Cartagena are industry, tourism, and commerce. The port of Cartagena is one of the largest of South America. Industry Other prominent companies include Cementos Argos, Miss Colombia, Kola Román, Indufrial, Amazon Pepper, Vikings SA, Distribuidora Ltda Refrigeration, Central Ingenio Colombia, Perfumery Lemaitre, Cartagena Refinery Cellux Colombiana SA, Flour Three Castles, Polyban International SA, SABMiller, Dow Chemical, Cemex, Dole, and Abocol. Miss Colombia In 1934, Miss Colombia was founded in Cartagena de Indias. Known as Concurso Nacional de Belleza de Colombia (National Beauty Contest of Colombia), it is a national beauty pageant in Colombia. The winner, Señorita Colombia, is sent to Miss Supranational and the first runner-up, Señorita Colombia Internacional or Virreina, to Miss International. There is also a local beauty contest held with many of the city's neighbourhoods nominating young women to be named Miss Independence. Free zones Free zones are areas within the local territory which enjoy special customs and tax rules. They are intended to promote the industrialization of goods and provision of services aimed primarily at foreign markets and also the domestic market. • Parque Central Zona Franca: Opened in 2012 the zone is located in the municipality of Turbaco, within the District of Cartagena de Indias. It covers an area of . It has a permamente Zone (Phase 1 – Phase 2) and a Logistics and Commercial Zone for SMEs. • Zona Franca Industrial Goods and Services ZOFRANCA Cartagena SA: located from the city center, at the end of the industrial sector and has Mamonal private dock. • Zona Franca Turística en Isla De Barú: located on the island of Baru, within the swamp Portonaito. Approved in 1993 the tourist zone offers waterways, marine tourism and urban development. Tourism , just outside the walled city was built between 1577 and 1612, has been preserved today almost unchanged. in 1875 (to the right) built in 1765 Tourism is a mainstay of the economy. The following are tourist sites that are within the walled city of Cartagena: • Colonial architecture with Andalusian style roots. Many of the houses in Cartagena have balconies with tropical flowers. • Convent, cloister and chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Popa, located at the top of Mount Popa • Cathedral of Santa Catalina de Alejandría • Church and cloister of San Pedro Claver • Convent and church of Santo Domingo • Palace of Inquisition • Teatro Heredia • Cartagena Gold Museum • Las Bóvedas • Clock Tower • Fortresses in Cartagena de Indias: Of the twenty fortresses comprising the walls in the district of Getsemaní, today 16 are still standing, preserved in good condition. In 1586, it was commissioned to the most famous military engineer of the Crown of Spain in that time, the Italian Battista Antonelli, the fortification of the city. The works of the project finally ended in the 17th century. Cartagena became an impregnable bastion, which successfully resisted the attacks of Baron Pontis to 1697. In the 18th century, new additions gave the fortified complex its current amplitude by engineer . The initial fortification system includes only the urban precinct, the bastion port of San Matías at the entrance to the passage of Bocagrande, and the Tower of San Felipe del Boquerón that controlled the Bay of las Ánimas. Gradually, all passages were dominated by fortresses: fortress of San Luis, fortress of San José and fortress of San Fernando in Bocachica, fortress of San Rafaél and fortress of Santa Bárbara in Pochachica (the passage at southwest), fortress of Santa Cruz, fortress of San Juan de Manzanillo and fortress of San Sebasi de Pastellilo around the interior of Bahía, castle of San Felipe de Barajas, in the rock that dominates the city from the east and access to protected the Isthmus del Cerebro. The fortifications of San Felipe de Barajas in Cartagena, protected the city during numerous sieges, giving its character and reputation unassailable. These are described as a masterpiece of Spanish military engineering in the Americas. The city has a budding hotel industry with small boutique hotels being primarily concentrated in the Walled City and larger hotels in the beach front neighborhood of Bocagrande. The area of Getsemaní just outside the wall is also a popular place for small hotels and hostels. The following are tourist sites that are outside the city of Cartagena: • Las Islas del Rosario: These islands are one of Colombia's most important national parks. Most of the islands can be reached in an hour or less from the city docks. ==Infrastructure==

In terms of both passenger and freight transport, at domestic and international level, combining air and water transport, Cartagena of Indias is globally-known as the Hub of the Caribbean due to its strategic geographical position in the Americas, linked to its major economical importance (mainly tourism services and shipyard industry). Transport As the commercial and touristic hub of the country, the city has many transportation facilities, particularly in the seaport, air, and fluvial areas. Buses In 2003, the city started building Transcaribe, a mass transit system. In 2015 the system began operating in the city. Taxis are also a prevalent form of public transportation and there is a bus terminal connecting the city to other cities along the coast and in Colombia. Cartagena has problems of traffic congestion. Rail A commuter train connecting Cartagena de Indias with other cities in the Colombian Caribbean coast is under planning, plus an Atlantic-Pacific inter-oceanic rail connection as an alternative to the Panama Channel. Roads The city is linked to the northern part of the Caribbean Region through roads 90 and 90A, more commonly called Central Caribbean Road. This road passes through Barranquilla, Santa Marta and Riohacha ending in Paraguachón, Venezuela and continues with Venezuelan numeration all the way to Caracas. Taxis in the city perimeter do not have fare meters. The following roads are in the southeast portion of the city: Road 25: Going through Turbaco and Arjona, and through the Montes de María when a fork divides it continuing to Sincelejo as National 25 and finally ending in Medellín, and to the east to Valledupar as number 80. Road 25 A: Going also to Sincelejo, but avoiding the mountains, connects with Road 25 in the forementioned city. Air The Rafael Núñez International Airport is the busiest airport in Colombia's Caribbean region and the fourth in passenger traffic in the country. The code of the airport is CTG, having flights to almost all airports in Colombia including Bogota's El Dorado International Airport. Excessive operational costs and easier connection travel and better prices had led to the shifting of the Rafael Núñez's international connection passengers away from Bogota to the nearer Tocumen International Airport in Panama and Queen Beatrix International Airport in Aruba. Also, more companies prefer to serve the Colombian market from Cartagena, due to better geographical and atmospheric conditions. Sea , Cartagena in Cartagena Bay Cartagena is the most important port of Colombia in the Caribbean. The open ports of the city are: • Port Society of Cartagena - Specializing in container management, this port is first of its class in the country, the third busiest port on the Caribbean Sea, and ranked 99th among ports of the world. • Muelles El Bosque (El Bosque Docks) – specialized in grain storage, expanding to the container market • Container Terminal of Cartagena – container management Private ports of the city: • The port of the Cartagena Oil Refinery (REFICAR S.A.) • SABMiller brewery port • Argos cement port • Dow Chemical raw materials embarkment port • BASF Colombia raw materials embarkment port • Du Pont private embarkment port • Cemex cement port • Dole packing house • Colombian Navy steelworks port River Since the 17th century the bay has been connected to the Magdalena River by the Dique Canal, built by Governor Pedro Zapata de Mendoza. After Colombian independence, the canal was abandoned. Increasing centralization left the city without resources to maintain it. The last important maintenance work was done in the 1950s during Laureano Gómez's administration. Some improvements were made by local authorities in the 1980s. This was discontinued because of legal objections from the central government that decreed that the "maintenance" of the canal did not fall under the jurisdiction of the local government. From then on, maintenance of the canal has been delayed, though it is still functional. Cartagenian political leaders have argued that this state of affairs might change with a return to pre-independence funding and tax system. Under such systems the canal would be maintained properly and even expanded, benefiting the national economy. Waste disposal Cartagena is one of the few cities in the world with a marine outfall, inaugurated in 2013, whose -long underwater section is the third longest in the world. ==Education==

Colleges and universities • University of Cartagena • Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Primary and secondary schools International schools include: • Corporacion Educativa Colegio Britanico de Cartagena (British) • Gimnasio Cartagena de Indias (International) • Colegio Jorge Washington (American) Libraries The city has many public and private libraries: • The Universidad de Cartagena José Fernández Madrid Library: Started in 1821 when the university opened as the "University of Magdalena and Isthmus". Serves mainly the students and faculty of this university but anyone can use its services. :Divided in buildings across the city being assigned to the Faculties it serves accordingly each area. The main building is in C. de la Universidad 64 and the second biggest section is located in Av. Jose Vicente Mogollón 2839. • The Bartolomé Calvo Library: Founded in 1843 and established in its current place in 1900, it is one of the main libraries on the Caribbean Coast and the largest in the city. Its address is Calle de la Inquisición, 23. • The History Academy of Cartagena de Indias Library: Opened in 1903, many of its books date from more than a century before from donations of members and benefactors. Its entrance is more restricted due to secure handling procedure reasons as ancient books require, but it can be requested in the academy office in Plaza de Bolivar 112. • The Technological University of Bolívar Library: Opened in 1985 Although small in general size, its sections on engineering and electronics are immense and its demand is mostly on this area, being located in Camino de Arroyohondo 1829. • The American Hispanic Culture Library: Opened in 1999, it already existed a smaller version without Spanish funding in the Casa de España since the early 1940s but in 1999 was enlarged to serve Latin America and the Caribbean in the old convent of Santo Domingo. It specializes in Hispanic Culture and History and is a continental epicenter of seminaries on history and restoration of buildings. The restoration of the convent and the enlargement of the library was and still is a personal project of Juan Carlos I of Spain who visits it regularly. It is located in Plaza Santo Domingo 30, but its entrance is in C. Gastelbondo 52. • Jorge Artel Library: Opened in 1997, serves the area of the southwest districts of the city, it is mostly for children. It is located in Camino del Socorro 222 • Balbino Carreazo Library: Located in Pasacaballos, a suburban neighborhood of the southeastern part of the city, serves mostly the suburbs of Pasacaballos, Ararca, Leticia del Dique and Matunilla. It is located in Plaza de Pasacaballos 321 • District Libraries: Although small, this system goes grassroots to neighborhoods circulating books, generally each district library has around 5000 books. ==Culture==

Theaters and concert halls The first carnivals and western theaters that served in New Granada operated on, what is today, Calle del Coliseo. This was an activity patronized by the Viceroy Manuel de Guirior and Antonio Caballero y Góngora, who, like their predecessors, spent most of the time of their mandates ruling in Cartagena. • Teatro Adolfo Mejía: former Teatro Heredia, opened in 1911, inspired by the Teatro Tacón of Havana, was designed by Jose Enrique Jaspe. After years of abandonment, it was rebuilt in the 1990s and continues to be a cultural center. It is located in Plazuela de La Merced 5. Sport Baseball is the most popular sport in Cartagena, Tigres de Cartagena represent the city in the Colombian Professional Baseball League, playing at Estadio Once de Noviembre. Other historical baseball teams that once represented Cartagena include Indios, Águilas, and Torices. The main football club in the city is Real Cartagena. In August 2024, Cartagena co-hosted the 2024 U-15 Baseball World Cup with Barranquilla. Museums and galleries indigenous culture. • City Museum Palace of the Inquisition, opened in the 1970s • Sanctuary and Museum of St. Maria Bernarda Bütler (foundress of the Franciscan Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Perpetual Help) World Heritage site The port, the fortresses and the group of monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as significant to the heritage of the world, having the most extensive fortifications in South America. They are significant, too, for being located in a bay that is part of the Caribbean Sea. A system of zones divides the city into three neighborhoods: San Sebastian and Santa Catalina with the cathedral and many palaces where the wealthy lived and the main government buildings functioned; San Diego or Santo Toribio, where merchants and the middle class lived; and Getsemani, the suburban popular quarters. Festivities • January: The "Cartagena International Music Festival" (Cartagena Festival Internacional de Música), Classical music event that has become one of the most important festivals in the country. It is done in the Walled City for 10 days, during which are held classes, conferences and counted with the presence of national and international artists. • "Fiesta Taurina del Caribe" (Caribbean Bullfight festival) (ultimately canceled, for maintenance of the scenario) • "SummerLand Festival": Electronic music festival most important of the country • February: "Fiestas de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria" (Feasts of Our Lady of Candelaria), • "Festival del Frito" • March: "International Film Festival of Cartagena" (Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena) • "Miss Colombia" • "Feria Nautica" • April: "Festival del Dulce" (Festival of the Sweets) • June–July: "Festival de Verano" (Summer Festival) • "Sail Cartagena" • November: "Fiestas del 11 de noviembre" (Feasts of 11 November or of the Independence) • December: "Jazz Festival under the Moon" (Festival de Jazz bajo la Luna) • "Cartagena Rock" == Media appearances ==

Film • Burn! (1969), with Marlon Brando, was filmed in Cartagena. • In the movie Romancing the Stone (1984), romance novelist Joan Wilder (Kathleen Turner) travels to Cartagena to deliver a treasure map, in an effort to ransom her kidnapped sister. The Cartagena scenes were actually filmed in Mexico. In the movie, Michael Douglas' character refers to it as Cartage(ny)a. This has largely been adopted by tourists and is an irritant to the locals. The "N" in Cartagena is hard. • The film The Mission (1986), with Robert De Niro, was filmed in Cartagena and Brazil • The film Love in the Time of Cholera (2007) was filmed in Cartagena. • Scenes of Gemini Man (2019), with Will Smith, were filmed in Cartagena. • Scenes of the (2023) film Sound of Freedom Television • In the Family Guy episode "Barely Legal", the mayor, thinking the events of Romancing the Stone (see above) are real, sends all the city's police officers to Cartagena • Cartagena figured prominently in the "Smuggler's Blues" (1985) episode of Miami Vice, featuring guest star Glenn Frey and his song "Smuggler's Blues" • Cartagena is featured as the backdrop for the NCIS episodes "Agent Afloat" and "The Missionary Position". • The 30th installment of MTV's reality competition series, titled The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30, was filmed in Cartagena. • In the Orphan Black episode "To Right the Wrongs of Many", Delphine and Cosima are in Cartagena, where Delphine is giving the cure to the Leda clone found there. • The Colombian Netflix show Siempre Bruja (Always a Witch) is set in Cartagena. • In The Amazing Race 28, the second and third legs were set in Cartagena and required teams to visit various locations throughout the city. • In Season 10 of The Real Housewives of New York City, the annual cast vacation takes place in Cartagena. Literature • A fictionalized version of the 1697 raid on Cartagena is chronicled in the novel Captain Blood (1922). • Gabriel García Márquez's novel Love in the Time of Cholera is set in an unnamed city based on Cartagena. García Márquez has also said that Cartagena influenced the setting of The Autumn of the Patriarch. His novel Of Love and Other Demons takes place in Cartagena in the 1600s. • The first chapter of Brian Jacques' novel ''The Angel's Command'' (2003) takes place in Cartagena in 1628. • The poem "Románc" (1983) by Sándor Kányádi talks about the beauty of Cartagena. • The second story in Nam Le's award-winning book of short fiction, The Boat (2008) is called "Cartagena" and set in Colombia. Cartagena in the story is more an idea than a place. • A portion of the 2014 novel The Bone Clocks by David Mitchell (author) is set in the city. • A 2015 novel by Claudia Amengual is named Cartagena. • The poem "A mi ciudad nativa" is in honor of Cartagena Video games • The city is the scene of two levels in the video game ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception''. Music Champeta is a musical genre whose main variants are rooted in Cartagena and Barranquilla. • On the album Corazón Profundo, Carlos Vives honored the city of Cartagena, calling it "The Fantastic City" (in Spanish: La fantástica). • The 2016 song "Otra Vez" by Zion & Lennox mentions Cartagena. • The song "1741 (The Battle of Cartagena)" by Alestorm off their 2014 Album Sunset on the Golden Age is about the 1741 siege of Cartagena. ==Notable people==

• Joe Arroyo, salsa music composer and singer • Miguel Avila, indoor/outdoor footballer and referee • Valeria Ayos, Miss Universe Colombia 2021 • Alvaro Barrios, conceptual artist • Bartolomé Calvo, politician, journalist, Governor of Panama (1856–58), President of the Granadine Confederation in 1861 • Flavio Caballero, actor • Bernardo Caraballo, boxer • Alfonso Múnera Cavadía, diplomat and historian • Antonio Cervantes, boxer • Saint Peter Claver SJ, Jesuit priest, pastor and missionary to the slaves brought to Cartagena ("Slave of the slaves forever"), human rights advocate. Beatified 1850 by Pope Pius IX, canonized 1888 by Pope Leo XIII. 1985, the Colombian Congress declared 9 September, his feast day, as Human Rights national day in his honor. • William Dau, former Mayor of Cartagena • Germán Espinosa, writer, author of "La Tejedora de Coronas" (The weaver of crowns) and 40 other works • Isidoro Galán, Jesuit and trade unionist. • José María García de Toledo, politician, early "juntismo" movement member, later independentist; President of the Supreme Junta of Cartagena (1810–11) • Laura González, Miss Colombia 2017 • Enrique Grau, painter, born in Panama but raised in the city where most of his work was done and inspired • Dilson Herrera, professional baseball player • Zharick León, actress • Nereo Lopez, documentary photographer • Manuel Medrano, singer • Andrea Nocetti, Miss Colombia 2001 • Rafael Núñez, politician, journalist, diplomat, writer, lawyer and judge. Dominant political figure in Colombia in the 19th century, and the first to did so by civil means: In 1848 just after another civil war entered in local politics. Then became MP for Cartagena in the Colombian Congress, also was Governor of Bolívar (1854), then briefly Minister of War in 1855–57. President of the Sovereign State of Bolivar twice, (1876–77) (1879–80) was finally elected 4 times President of Colombia. During this time the country stabilized and the economy grew after decades of civil war and established the foundations for civil-led government with the Colombian Constitution of 1886 that lasted 105 years. Also wrote the country's national anthem. • Laura Olascuaga, Miss Universe Colombia 2020 • Alfonso Pérez, boxer • Carlos Pizarro Leongómez, guerrilla fighter for the 19th of April Movement • Sabas Pretelt de la Vega, politician and ambassador, Minister of Interior (2003–06) • Frey Ramos, footballer • Ramses Ramos, actor • Hugo Soto, footballer • Julio Teherán, professional baseball player • Gio Urshela, professional baseball player • Rodrigo Valdez, boxer • Kevin Flórez, singer • Karoll Márquez, singer • Teresa Román Vélez, writer • Orlando Cabrera, baseball player • Jeymmy Vargas, beauty queen and model • Vanessa Rosales Altamar, author • Laura De León Céspedes, actress • Angie Cepeda, actress • Lorna Cepeda, actress • Eduardo Lemaitre, historian • Salomón Bustamante Sanmiguel, TV host • Patricia Teherán Romero, singer • Rafael Vergara Navarro, lawyer ==See also==