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CASA/IPTN CN-235

The CASA/IPTN CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engined turboprop tactical transport aircraft that was jointly developed by CASA of Spain and Indonesian manufacturer IPTN. It is operated as both a regional airliner and military transport; its primary military roles include air transport and aerial surveillance.

Design and development
Background The CN-235 has been conceived of during the late 1970s as a twin-turboprop powered transport capable of accommodating up to 35 passengers or various military payloads. On 1 March 1988, the CN-235 officially entered service. By May 1989, there were 133 firm orders for the CN-235, 74 had been placed by military operators while 59 were attributed to civil operators; of these, 85 had been ordered by Indonesian customers while 22 were attributable to Spanish customers alone, and the remainder to international customers. Indonesia has sought greater autonomy from Airbus (whom CASA has been integrated into) in the CN-235 manufacturing process; the Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has made this objective a part of the offset conditions should the Airbus A400M Atlas strategic transport aircraft be procured for the Indonesian Air Force. ==Operational history==
Operational history
Military sector Amongst the first customers for the CN-235 was the French Air and Space Force, which had ordered an initial eight aircraft by May 1989. By 2015, the service had expanded its fleet to 27 aircraft. Several sizable early orders from the Indonesian armed forces made it the largest customer for the CN-235 early on. By May 1989, the Indonesian Air Force alone had ordered 32 aircraft while the Indonesian Navy had ordered 18 CN-235s, six of which in a maritime surveillance configuration. In November 2016, the Indonesian Air Force also commenced operations with the latest generation of CN-235 MPAs, equipped with winglets and new electronic support apparatus. The Spanish armed forces also placed modest early orders for the type, by May 1989, two VIP-configured CN-235s had been ordered by the Spanish Air Force. In December 2007, Spain ordered a pair of CN-235 MPA for the Guardia Civil, making it the first fixed-wing aircraft to be operated by the agency. During the early 1990s, the Irish Air Corps became interested in the type, initially opting to lease a single aircraft directly from CASA in 1992. Two years later, a pair of CN-235s configured for maritime surveillance operations were delivered to the Air Corps. During 2021, amid the Fall of Kabul and the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, one of the CN-235s was flown to the nation to assist with the evacuation. In 2022, Irish CN-235s have been deployed to provide humanitarian aid to, as well as evacuate wounded civilians from, Ukraine. In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 configured for maritime patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions. During July 2010, a third MPA-configured aircraft was delivered. In April 2012, Colombia awarded a contract to Telephonics to replace the original radars of the two older CN-235s with the APS-143 OceanEye marine surveillance Radar. In April 2005, Venezuela ordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft along with ten transport planes. However, during the following year, the transaction was halted due to the refusal of the United States government to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the aircraft's avionics. In January 2006, Thailand came to a tentative bartering arrangement with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six of which were for the Ministry of Defence and the remaining four for the Ministry of Agriculture. An additional aircraft was ordered on 19 September 2014. During July 2008, the Mexican Navy announced that it would purchase six CN-235s. In November 2011, the first aircraft was accepted by the service; it was configured to conduct search and rescue, disaster relief, and drug interdiction missions. During May 2012, the final of four CN-235 MPAs was delivered to the Mexican Navy. , April 2011 In December 2008, South Korea announced that Indonesian Aerospace's bid had triumphed over four rival submissions, and thus it would order four CN-235-110 MPAs to equip the South Korean Coast Guard with; these aircraft, delivered in 2011, had a reported per unit cost of $23 million. On behalf of the Royal Jordanian Air Force, a light gunship version of the CN-235 was developed; it was introduced to service in May 2014. Collaborators in the project included the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau of Jordan, and the U.S. defense company Orbital ATK. The aircraft were produced under license by Turkish Aerospace in their Ankara plant. During the 2000s, a modification programme was undertaken to equip 19 Turkish Navy and coastguard aircraft with new maritime surveillance equipment supplied mainly by Thales. Throughout the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, CN-235 MPAs of the Turkish Navy heavily patrolled the Black Sea, these have repeatedly detected sea mines and aided in de-mining efforts. All aircraft are undergoing avionics modernizations while some are being retrofitted for customized roles such as border security. The Royal Malaysian Air Force has operated a fleet of CN-235 transports. During early 2020, it was announced that several Malaysian aircraft would be converted into a maritime surveillance configuration using financial assistance from the United States. On 17 June 2022, the Royal Malaysian Air Force receive the first of three such modified CN235-220M MSA as part of the Malaysian Maritime Security Initiative program. Between 2010 and 2012, the Senegalese Air Force acquired two CN-235s at a reported cost of $13 million. In 2013, the service declared it planned to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties, and that it was also interested in the MPA version as well. During 2018, Senegal ordered two MPA-configured CN-235s, the first of which was received in 2021. On January 10, 2024, Indonesian President Joko Widodo offered the CN-235 ASW of PT Dirgantara Indonesia for the Philippine Navy during his visit to Manila. Commercial airliner in Indonesia Although the CN-235 has been initially designed as a military transport, it has also been offered to civil operators, usually as a commercial airliner. It has not achieved substantial sales in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as the Fokker 50, ATR 42 and De Havilland Canada DHC-8. Iberia LAE, Spain's flag carrier, emerged as an early customer, opting to purchase four CN-235s from CASA to serve on its regional routes. It, and its subsidiaries Binter Canarias and Binter Mediterraneo, operated the type between 1989 and 1997, opting to procure several larger ATR 72s to replace it. Numerous Indonesian operators had placed early orders for the CN-235; by 1992, there were internal routes served by the type between most of the major cities in the country. During 1992, Aerolíneas Argentinas, which was a subsidiary of Iberia at that time, ordered a pair of CN-235s to be operated by its own subsidiary, Austral. Around 2007, Asian Spirit operated a lone CN-235-220 in the Philippines. During 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they were in the early stages of developing a new variant of the CN-235, the N245, which has been specifically designed to perform civil operations and is able to carry up to 60 passengers. Alternatively also referred to as the CN-235NG, this variant is planned to be fully launched following the completion of the Indonesian Aerospace N219 project, at one point, it was expected to be fully certified sometime in 2019. A further derivative has been envisioned, referred to as the N-270, it is a stretched version of the N245 and is planned to be able to carry up to 70–90 passengers; the original timeframe for development was set between 2019 and 2024. ==Variants==
Variants
;CN-235-10 :Initial production version (15 built by each company), with GE CT7-7A engines. ;CN-235-100/110 :Generally as series 10, but with GE CT7-9C engines in new composites nacelles; replaced Series 10 in 1988 from 31st production aircraft. Series 100 is Spanish-built, series 110 Indonesian-built, with improved electrical, warning and environmental systems. ;CN-235-200/220 :Improved version. Structural reinforcements to cater for higher operating weights, aerodynamic improvements to wing leading-edges and rudder, reduced field length requirements and much-increased range with maximum payload. Series 200 is Spanish-built, Series 220 Indonesian-built. Series 220 still in production. ;CN-235-300 :CASA modification of 200/220 series, with the Honeywell International Corp. avionics suite. Other features include improved pressurization and provision for optional twin-nosewheel installation. ;CN-235-330 Phoenix :Modification of Series 200/220, offered by IPTN with new Honeywell avionics, ARL-2002 EW system and 16,800 kg/37,037 lb MTOW, to the Royal Australian Air Force to meet Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement, but was forced by financial constraints to withdraw in 1998. ;CN-235 MPA :Maritime patrol version with 6 hardpoints to carry AM-39 Exocet missiles or Mk.46 torpedoes. ;CN-235 ASW :Anti-submarine warfare variant, developed by Turkish Aerospace and Indonesian Aerospace ;HC-144 Ocean Sentry :United States Coast Guard designation for a planned twenty-two aircraft fleet bought to replace the small HU-25 Guardian business-style jets. , eighteen had been delivered. ;AC-235 :A light gunship modified with integrated weapons pylons to carry AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and 70 mm rockets; it also has a side-mounted 30 mm cannon and a Synthetic aperture radar. ==Operators==
Operators
Military operators ; • Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force and Azerbaijani Navy operates four CN235. ; • The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing operates two CN235 aircraft. ; • The Royal Brunei Air Force operates one CN235-110M. ; • The Military of Burkina Faso operates one CN235. delivery took place in July 2013. ; • The Chilean Army operates three CN235. ; • The Colombian Aerospace Force and the Colombian National Navy operate a total of five CN235 aircraft. ; • The Ecuadorian Army ; • The Gabonese Air Force operates one CN235. as 2018, eight CN235 in service with the air force and five CN235 in service with the navy. ; • One CN235 delivered from the United Arab Emirates in May 2019. ; • The Mexican Navy operates eight CN235-300MPA, ; 's CN235-100M • The Moroccan Air Force operates five aircraft. ; • Royal Oman Police ; • The Pakistan Air Force operates four CN235-220 aircraft in the transport role. ; • The Papua New Guinea Defence Force Air Operations Element operate one aircraft. ; • The Royal Saudi Air Force operates four CN235-10M, two of which are used for VIP purposes. ; • The Senegalese Air Force operates three aircraft. ; • The Republic of Korea Air Force operates twenty airframes; twelve built by CASA in Spain and eight by IPTN in Indonesia • The Korean Coast Guard operates four aircraft. • The Spanish Civil Guard operates five aircraft for surveillance duties. Turkish Air Force, Turkish Navy, operate fifty-nine aircraft. • The Military of the United Arab Emirates operates six aircraft. • The United States Coast Guard operates eighteen aircraft – see EADS CASA HC-144 Ocean Sentry. Former military operators ; • Austrian Air Force ; • Bophuthatswana Air Force (1, incorporated into South African Air Force) ; • The Malagasy Air Force received a single CN235 that was formerly operated by the Botswana Defence Force in June 2019; it was seized by the supplier Sofema at Johannesburg in November 2020 owing to a failure of Madagascar to keep up payments for the aircraft. ; • Panamanian Air Force / National Air Service (until 1995) ; • Yemen Air Force (1x CN235-300) The only aircraft of the type, registration number 2211, factory number 168988, serial number 188, was destroyed in a Saudi airstrike on 25 March 2015. Government and paramilitary operators ; • National Guard (2x CN235) ; • Royal Oman Police (2x CN235-M100) ; • Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima (Spanish Maritime Safety Agency) (3x CN235-MPA) ; • Royal Thai Police (2x CN235-200,220) Civil operators ; • Inter Austral airlines, a subsidiary of Austral Líneas Aéreas, was later integrated into Aerolíneas Argentinas, one ex-Binter. ; • Merpati Nusantara Airlines once operated fifteen CN235s ; • Tiko Air had one (C012) ; • Air Namibia operated one from 2001 to 2006 ; • Safair had two CN235s, sold in 2006 and 2008 ; CN235, formerly belonging to Binter Mediterráneo. • Binter Canarias and Binter Mediterraneo, both then subsidiaries of Iberia, operated four and five respectively from 1989 to 1997 ; • Prescott Support Company Inc, operating two CASA CN235 • Flight International and Flight Turbo AC with one each • L-3 Communication Systems acquired two aircraft • Presidential Airways, operates one former Binter Canarias ; • Air Venezuela had two (1999–2001) ==Notable accidents==
Notable accidents
On 18 October 1992, Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Registration PK-MNN) CN-235-10 Flight 5601 crashed in Garut, Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board, On 19 January 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 training mission crashed near Kayseri after entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all three people on board. On 18 May 2001, a Turkish Navy CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control after reaching an altitude of just 100 feet, killing all 4 people on board. On 29 August 2001, Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 (Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed at Málaga, Spain, killing four of the 47 passengers and crew aboard. The aircraft was scrapped. On 11 February 2013, a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south of Monrovia, Liberia, 8 km to Roberts International Airport, killing 11 people amongst them Souleymane Kelefa Diallo, Guinea army chief. On 1 August 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by the Colombian Air Force crashed in Cesar province, Colombia due to engine failure, killing 11 people. On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force crashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor. Although there were no casualties amongst the occupants, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue effort. On 17 January 2018, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board near Isparta. All on board were killed. ==Aircraft on display==
Aircraft on display
• SAAF 8026 (cn: P3) South African Air Force on display at the South African Air Force Museum AFB Swartkop, Pretoria. This was one of three CN235 prototypes and served with the Bophutatswana Air Force before service with the SAAF. ==Specifications (CN235)==
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