There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of
Catocala are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species. There are several
cryptic species complexes in
Catocala, e.g. the group around the
Delilah underwing (
C. delilah); these and other hitherto unknown species are still being discovered and described in some numbers. Thus, resolving the
phylogeny and
taxonomy of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made () little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted
taxonomic treatment for the genus as a whole.
Synonyms Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from
Catocala, but these are all treated here as
junior synonyms. These synonyms and other invalid names of
Catocala are: •
Andreusia Hampson, 1913 (unjustified
emendation) •
Andrewsia Grote, 1882 •
Astiodes (
lapsus) •
Astiotes Hübner, 1823 •
Belpharidia (
lapsus) •
Bihemena Beck, 1966 •
Blephara Ochsenheimer, 1816 (
unavailable) •
Blepharidia Hübner, 1822 •
Blepharonia Hübner, 1823 (unavailable) •
Blepharonia Hübner, 1825 •
Blepharum Hübner, 1806 (
rejected) •
Catabapta Hulst, 1884 •
Catacola (
lapsus) •
Catocalla (
lapsus) •
Convercala Beck, 1966 •
Corisce Hübner, 1823 •
Corisee (
lapsus) •
Divercala Beck, 1966 •
Ephesia Hübner, 1818 •
Eucala Beck, 1966 •
Eucora Hübner, 1823 •
Eunetis Hübner, 1823 •
Hemigeometra Haworth, 1809 •
Koraia Nye, 1975 •
Lamprosia Hübner, [1821] •
Lamprosia Hübner, 1827 (
non Hübner, [1821]: preoccupied) •
Metacala Beck, 1966 •
Mormonia Hübner, 1823 •
Mormosia (
lapsus) •
Optocala Beck, 1966 •
Promonia Beck, 1966 •
Puercala Beck, 1966 •
Reticcala Beck, 1966 •
Simplicala Beck, 1966 ===
Palearctic species=== •
Catocala abacta Staudinger, 1900 •
Catocala abamita Bremer & Grey, 1853 (including
C. scortum) •
Catocala actaea Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 •
Catocala adultera Ménétries, 1856 •
Catocala aenigma Sheljuzhko, 1943 •
Catocala aestimabilis Staudinger, 1892 •
Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885 •
Catocala agitatrix Graeser, 1889 (including
C. mabella) •
Catocala amabilis Bang-Haas, 1907 •
Catocala amnonfreidbergi Kravchenko et al., 2008 •
Catocala ariana Vartian, 1964 •
Catocala armandi Poujade, 1888 (including
C. davidi) •
Catocala artobolevskiji Sheljuzhko, 1943 •
Catocala bella Butler, 1877 (including
C. serenides) •
Catocala bokhaica (Kononenko, 1979) •
Catocala borthi Saldaitis, Ivinskis, Floriani & Babics, 2012 •
Catocala brandti Hacker & Kautt, 1999 •
Catocala butleri Leech, 1900 •
Catocala catei Weisert, 1998 •
Catocala chenyixini Ishizuka, 2011 •
Catocala columbina Leech, 1900 •
Catocala coniuncta (
Esper, 1787) – Minsmere crimson underwing •
Catocala connexa Wileman, 1911 •
Catocala contemnenda Staudinger, 1891 •
Catocala conversa (
Esper, 1787) •
Catocala danilovi Bang-Haas, 1927 •
Catocala dariana Sviridov, Speidel, Reshöft, 1996 •
Catocala davidi Oberthür, 1881 •
Catocala deducta Eversmann, 1843 •
Catocala dejeani Mell, 1936 (sometimes in
C. kuangtungensis) •
Catocala desiderata Staudinger, 1888 •
Catocala detrita Warren, 1913 •
Catocala deuteronympha Staudinger, 1861 •
Catocala dilecta Hübner, [1808] (
type of
Astiotes) •
Catocala disjuncta (
Geyer, 1828) •
Catocala dissimilis Bremer, 1861 (including
C. nigricans) •
Catocala distorta Butler, 1889 •
Catocala diversa (
Geyer, 1826) •
Catocala doerriesi Staudinger, 1888 •
Catocala dotatoides Poole, 1989 •
Catocala dula Bremer, 1861 •
Catocala duplicata Butler, 1885 •
Catocala editarevayae Kravchenko et al., 2008 •
Catocala electa (
Vieweg, 1790) – rosy underwing •
Catocala ella Butler, 1877 •
Catocala ellamajor Ishizuka, 2010 •
Catocala elocata (
Esper, 1787) – French red underwing •
Catocala eminens Staudinger, 1892 •
Catocala eutychea Treitschke, 1835 •
Catocala flavescens Hampson, 1894 •
Catocala florianii Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008 •
Catocala formosana Okano, 1958 •
Catocala fraxini (
Linnaeus,
1758) – blue underwing, Clifden nonpareil (type of
Hemigeometra) •
Catocala fredi Bytinsky-Salz & Brandt, 1937 •
Catocala fugitiva Warren, 1914 •
Catocala fulminea (
Scopoli,
1763) (type of
Ephesia) •
Catocala fuscinupta Hampson, 1913 •
Catocala gansan Ishizuka & M. Wang, 2013 •
Catocala giuditta Schawerda, 1934 •
Catocala haitzi Bang-Haas, 1936 •
Catocala hariti Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2002 •
Catocala helena Eversmann, 1856 •
Catocala hoenei Mell, 1936 •
Catocala hoferi Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2003 •
Catocala hymenaea (
Denis &
Schiffermüller, 1775) •
Catocala hymenoides Draeseke, 1927 •
Catocala hyperconnexa Sugi, 1965 •
Catocala inconstans Butler, 1889 •
Catocala infasciata Mell, 1936 •
Catocala intacta Leech, 1889 •
Catocala invasa Leech, 1900 •
Catocala jansseni A. E. Prout, 1924 •
Catocala jonasii Butler, 1877 •
Catocala jouga Ishizuka, 2003 •
Catocala juncta Staudinger, 1889 •
Catocala jyoka Ishizuka, 2006 •
Catocala kaki Ishizuka, 2003 •
Catocala kasenko Ishizuka, 2007 •
Catocala koreana Staudinger, 1892 •
Catocala kotschubeyi Sheljuzhko, 1927 •
Catocala kuangtungensis Mell, 1931 •
Catocala kusnezovi Püngeler, 1914 •
Catocala lara Bremer, 1861 •
Catocala largeteaui Oberthür, 1881 •
Catocala laura Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 •
Catocala leechi Hampson, 1913 •
Catocala lehmanni Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 •
Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887 •
Catocala longipalpis Mell, 1936 •
Catocala lupina Herrich-Schäffer, [1851] •
Catocala luscinia Brandt, 1938 •
Catocala maculata Vincent, 1919 •
Catocala mariana •
Catocala martyrum Oberthür, 1881 •
Catocala maso Ishizuka, 2011 •
Catocala mesopotamica •
Catocala mirifica Butler, 1877 •
Catocala moltrechti Bang-Haas, 1927 •
Catocala musmi •
Catocala naganoi Sugi, 1982 •
Catocala nagioides •
Catocala naumanni Sviridov, 1996 •
Catocala neglecta •
Catocala neonympha Esper, 1805 (type of
Eucora) •
Catocala nivea Butler, 1877 •
Catocala nubila •
Catocala nupta – red underwing •
Catocala nymphaea •
Catocala nymphaeoides Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 •
Catocala nymphagoga – oak yellow underwing •
Catocala oberthueri Austaut, 1879 •
Catocala obscena Alphéraky, 1879 •
Catocala ohshimai Ishizuka, 2001 •
Catocala olgaorlovae •
Catocala optata •
Catocala optima – Turanga underwing •
Catocala pacta •
Catocala paki Kishida, 1981 •
Catocala patala Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 •
Catocala pataloides •
Catocala persimilis •
Catocala pirata •
Catocala praegnax Walker, 1858 •
Catocala prolifica Walker, 1857 •
Catocala promissa – light crimson underwing •
Catocala proxeneta Alphéraky, 1895 •
Catocala pudica Moore, 1879 •
Catocala pudica sabine Saldaitis, Pekarsky & Borth 2014 •
Catocala puella •
Catocala puerpera (type of
Eunetis) •
Catocala puerperoides •
Catocala remissa •
Catocala repudiata •
Catocala rhodosoma Röber, 1927 •
Catocala seibaldi Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Borth, 2010 (including
C. pseudoformosana) •
Catocala seiohbo •
Catocala separans •
Catocala separata •
Catocala sinyaevi Sviridov, 2004 •
Catocala solntsevi •
Catocala sponsa – dark crimson underwing •
Catocala sponsalis •
Catocala stamensis Kishida & Suzuki, 2002 •
Catocala streckeri •
Catocala sultana (sometimes in
C. optata) •
Catocala svetlana Sviridov, 1997 •
Catocala szechuena •
Catocala tapestrina Moore, 1882 •
Catocala thomsoni A. E. Prout, 1924 •
Catocala timur – Timur underwing •
Catocala tokui •
Catocala toropovi Saldaitis, Kons & Borth, 2014 •
Catocala triphaenoides Oberthür, 1881 •
Catocala uljanae Sinyaev, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2007 •
Catocala viviannae •
Catocala weigerti Hacker, 1999 •
Catocala wushensis •
Catocala xarippe Butler, 1877 (formerly in
C. fulminea) •
Catocala xizangensis Chen, 1991
Comparison of Eurasian species Image:Catocala actaea 01.jpg|
Catocala actaea Image:Catocala agitatrix.jpg|
Catocala agitatrix Image:Catocala coniuncta.jpg|
Catocala conjuncta Image:Catocala conversa.jpg|
Catocala conversa Image:Catocala dilecta.jpg |
Catocala dilecta Image:Catocala disjuncta.jpg|
Catocala disjuncta Image:Catocala diversa.jpg|
Catocala diversa Image:Catocala electa01.jpg|
Catocala electarosy underwing Image:Catocala elocata.01.jpg|
Catocala elocataFrench red underwing Image:Catocala eutychea.jpg|
Catocala eutychea Image:Catocala fraxini.01.jpg|
Catocala fraxiniblue underwing
type species of
Hemigeometra Image:'Catocala fulminea'.jpg|
Catocala fulmineatype species of
Ephesia Image:Catocala hymenaea.jpg|
Catocala hymenaea Image:Catocala lara 01.jpg|
Catocala lara Image:Catocala lupina.jpg|
Catocala lupina Image:Catocala mariana.jpg|
Catocala mariana Image: Catocala neonympha.01.jpg|
Catocala neonympha Image:Catocala nupta.01.jpg|
Catocala nuptared underwingtype species of
Catocala Image:Catocala nymphaea.01.jpg|
Catocala nymphaea Image:Catocala nymphagoga.jpg|
Catocala nymphagogaoak yellow underwing Image:Catocala optata.jpg|
Catocala optata Image:Catocala pacta.jpg |
Catocala pacta Image:Catocala promissa.jpg|
Catocala promissalight crimson underwing Image:Catocala puerpera.jpg|
Catocala puerperatype species of
Eunetis Image:Catocala separata.jpg|
Catocala separata Image:Catocala sponsa.01.jpg|
Catocala sponsadark crimson underwing ===
Nearctic species=== •
Catocala abbreviatella •
Catocala agrippina – Agrippina underwing •
Catocala aholibah – Aholibah underwing •
Catocala alabamae – Alabama underwing, titan underwing (including
C. olivia, C. titania) •
Catocala allusa (sometimes in
C. faustina) •
Catocala amatrix – sweetheart underwing (type of
Lamprosia) •
Catocala amestris – three-staff underwing •
Catocala amica – girlfriend underwing (type of
Corisce) •
Catocala andromache – Andromache underwing •
Catocala andromedae – Andromeda underwing, gloomy underwing •
Catocala angusi – Angus' underwing •
Catocala antinympha – sweetfern underwing (type of
Catabapta) •
Catocala atocala – Atocala underwing, Brou's underwing •
Catocala badia – bay underwing, bayberry underwing, old maid •
Catocala benjamini – Benjamin's underwing (formerly in
C. andromache) •
Catocala blandula – charming underwing •
Catocala briseis – Briseis underwing, ribbed underwing •
Catocala caesia – bluish-gray underwing •
Catocala californica (including
C. erichi) •
Catocala californiensis •
Catocala cara – darling underwing •
Catocala carissima – carissima underwing (formerly in
C. cara) •
Catocala cerogama – yellow-banded underwing •
Catocala charlottae (sometimes in
C. praeclara) •
Catocala chelidonia •
Catocala cleopatra (sometimes in
C. faustina) •
Catocala clintoni – Clinton's underwing •
Catocala coccinata – scarlet underwing •
Catocala concumbens – pink underwing, sleepy underwing •
Catocala connubialis – connubial underwing •
Catocala consors – consort underwing •
Catocala crataegi – hawthorn underwing, chokeberry underwing •
Catocala dejecta – dejected underwing •
Catocala delilah – Delilah underwing •
Catocala desdemona – Desdemona underwing (including
C. ixion, formerly in
C. delilah) •
Catocala dulciola – quiet underwing, sweet underwing •
Catocala electilis •
Catocala epione – Epione underwing (type of
Mormonia) •
Catocala faustina •
Catocala flebilis – mournful underwing •
Catocala francisca (sometimes in
C. hermia) •
Catocala frederici •
Catocala gracilis – graceful underwing •
Catocala grisatra – grisatra underwing •
Catocala grotiana – Grote's underwing •
Catocala grynea – woody underwing •
Catocala habilis – habilis underwing •
Catocala hermia – Hermia underwing (including
C. sheba) •
Catocala herodias – Herodias' underwing, Gerhard's underwing •
Catocala hippolyta (sometimes in
C. semirelicta) •
Catocala ilia – beloved underwing, Ilia underwing, wife underwing •
Catocala illecta – Magdalen underwing •
Catocala innubens – betrothed underwing •
Catocala insolabilis – inconsolable underwing •
Catocala irene – Irene's underwing •
Catocala jair – Jair underwing, barrens underwing •
Catocala jessica – Jessica underwing (including
C. babayaga) •
Catocala johnsoniana – Johnson's underwing •
Catocala judith – Judith's underwing •
Catocala junctura – joined underwing, Stretch's underwing (including
C. elsa, C. stretchii) •
Catocala lacrymosa – tearful underwing •
Catocala lincolnana – Lincoln underwing •
Catocala lineella – lineella underwing, little lined underwing, steely underwing (formerly in
C. amica) •
Catocala louiseae – Louise's underwing (including
C. protonympha) •
Catocala luciana – shining underwing •
Catocala maestosa – sad underwing •
Catocala manitoba – Manitoba underwing (sometimes in
C. praeclara) •
Catocala marmorata – marbled underwing •
Catocala mcdunnoughi – McDunnough's underwing •
Catocala meskei – Meske's underwing •
Catocala messalina – Messalina underwing (type of
Andrewsia) •
Catocala micronympha – little nymph underwing, little bride underwing •
Catocala minuta – little underwing •
Catocala mira – wonderful underwing •
Catocala miranda – Miranda underwing •
Catocala muliercula – little wife underwing •
Catocala myristica - Myristica underwing Kons & Borth, 2015 •
Catocala nebulosa – clouded underwing •
Catocala neogama – the bride (including
C. euphemia) •
Catocala nuptialis – married underwing •
Catocala obscura – obscure underwing •
Catocala ophelia •
Catocala orba – Orba underwing •
Catocala palaeogama – old wife underwing (sometimes in
C. neogama) •
Catocala parta – mother underwing •
Catocala piatrix – penitent underwing •
Catocala praeclara – praeclara underwing •
Catocala pretiosa – precious underwing (formerly in
C. crataegi) •
Catocala pretiosa texarkana – Texarkana underwing •
Catocala relicta – the relict, "white underwing" •
Catocala residua – residua underwing •
Catocala retecta – yellow-gray underwing •
Catocala (
retecta)
luctuosa – yellow-fringed underwing •
Catocala robinsoni – Robinson's underwing •
Catocala sappho – Sappho underwing •
Catocala semirelicta – semirelict underwing (including
C. nevadensis, C. pura) •
Catocala serena – serene underwing •
Catocala similis – similar underwing •
Catocala sordida – sordid underwing •
Catocala subnata – youthful underwing •
Catocala texanae – Texan underwing •
Catocala ulalume – Ulalume underwing •
Catocala ultronia – dark red underwing, ultronia underwing •
Catocala umbrosa •
Catocala unijuga – once-married underwing •
Catocala verrilliana – Verrill's underwing •
Catocala vidua – widow underwing •
Catocala violenta •
Catocala whitneyi – Whitney's underwing
Comparison of North American species File:Catocala nurus.JPG|
Catocala amatrix f. nurussweetheart underwingtype species of
Lamprosia File:Catocala amica.jpg|
Catocala amicagirlfriend underwingtype species of
Corisce File:Catocala allusa.JPG|
Catocala allusa File:Catocala andromache2.JPG|
Catocala andromacheAndromache underwing File:Catocala angusi 01.jpg|
Catocala angusiAngus' underwing File:Catocala antinympha.jpg|
Catocala antinymphasweetfern underwing File:Catocala phoebe.JPG|
Catocala badiabay underwing File:Catocala benjamini benjamini.JPG|
Catocala benjamini benjaminiBenjamin's underwing File:Catocala carissima.JPG|
Catocala carissimacarissima underwing File:Catocala cerogama.jpg|
Catocala cerogamayellow-banded underwing File:Catocala coccinata sinuosa.jpg|
Catocala coccinatascarlet underwing File:Catocala concumbens2.JPG|
Catocala concumbenspink underwing File:Catocala sancta.JPG|
Catocala connubialis f.
sanctaconnubial underwing File:Catocala delilah mounted.JPG|
Catocala delilahDelilah underwing File:Catocala desdemona.JPG|
Catocala desdemonaDesdemona underwing File:Catocala frederici2.JPG|
Catocala frederici File:Catocala grotiana.JPG|
Catocala grotianaGrote's underwing File:Catocala grynea 01.JPG|
Catocala gryneawoody underwing File:Catocala habilis.jpg|
Catocala habilishabilis underwing File:Catocala diantha.JPG|
Catocala hermia f.
dianthaHermia underwing File:Catocala innubens.jpg|
Catocala innubensbetrothed underwing File:Catocala irene2.JPG|
Catocala ireneIrene's underwing File:Catocala jessica.JPG|
Catocala jessicaJessica underwing File:Catocala johnsoniana.JPG|
Catocala johnsonianaJohnson's underwing File:Catocala judith 01.jpg|
Catocala judithJudith's underwing File:Catocala lacrymosa 01.jpg|
Catocala lacrymosatearful underwing File:Catocala nerissa.JPG|
Catocala lineellalineella underwing File:Catocala nebraskae.JPG|
Catocala lucianashining underwing File:Catocala maestosa2.JPG|
Catocala maestosasad underwing File:Catocala manitoba.JPG|
Catocala manitobaManitoba underwing File:Catocala mcdunnoughi.JPG|
Catocala mcdunnoughiMcDunnough's underwing File:Catocala rosalinda.JPG|
Catocala meskei f.
rosalindaMeske's underwing File:Catocala micronympha.jpg|
Catocala micronymphalittle nymph underwing File:Catocala euphemia.JPG|
Catocala neogama euphemiathe bride File:Catocala obscura.jpg|
Catocala obscuraobscure underwing File:Catocala palaeogama 01.jpg|
Catocala palaeogamaold wife underwing File:Catocala dionyza2.JPG|
Catocala piatrix dionyzapenitent underwing File:Catocala relicta.01.jpg|
Catocala relictathe relict File:Catocala luctuosa.JPG|
Catocala retecta luctuosayellow-fringed underwing File:Catocala serena.jpg|
Catocala serenaserene underwing File:Catocala subnata 01.JPG|
Catocala subnatayouthful underwing File:Catocala texanae.JPG|
Catocala texanaeTexan underwing File:Catocala ultronia.jpg|
Catocala ultroniadark red underwing File:Catocala unijuga.JPG|
Catocala unijugaonce-married underwing File:Catocala beutenmuelleri.JPG|
Catocala verrilliana f.
beutenmuelleriVerrill's underwing File:Catocala vidua.jpg|
Catocala viduawidow underwing ==Other "underwing moths"==