Lausanne

The Romans built a military camp, which they called , at the site of a Celtic settlement, near the lake where Vidy and Ouchy are situated; on the hill above was a fort called or (The "-y" suffix is common to many place names of Roman origin in the region (e.g.) Prilly, Pully, Lutry, etc.). By the 2nd century AD, it was known as and in 280 as . By 400, it was , and in 990 it was mentioned as . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, insecurity forced the residents of Lausanne to move to its current centre, a hilly site that was easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Counts of Savoy and the Bishop of Lausanne. From 888 to 1032, the initially relatively small town belonged to the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy. During the 11th century, Lausanne developed into a political, economic and religious center. The city became the center of the secular rule of the bishops. In the period that followed, especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, Lausanne flourished. Finally, in 1275, the Lausanne Cathedral was consecrated in the presence of Pope Gregory X and King Rudolf I of Germany. ==Membership of the Swiss Federation==

It was invaded by forces from the canton of Bern and remained under their domination from 1536 to 1798. The iconoclastic Bernese stripped the Lausanne cathedral of its Roman Catholic trappings, and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made repeated requests to recover them, but they never were returned. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became along with Geneva a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729, a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Du Plan. By 1750, 90 pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely, this number would rise to 400. Official persecution ended in 1787. A faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812. During the Napoleonic Wars, the city's status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton of Vaud under which the city of Lausanne joined the Swiss Federation. ==Modern history and heritage==

In 1923, the city was the venue for the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the modern Turkish Republic. In 1964, the city played host to the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to play host to major international events. From the 1950s to 1970s, a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated to Lausanne, settling mostly in the industrial suburb of Renens. The city has served as a refuge for European artists. While under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Waste Land ("by the waters of Leman I sat down and wept"). Ernest Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, to holiday. In fact, many creative people – such as historian Edward Gibbon and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron – have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby. The city has been traditionally quiet, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of demonstrations took place that exposed tensions between young people and the police. In the early 1980s, the Lôzane Bouge protests demanded the city "open an autonomous centre, lower cinema ticket prices, liberalise cannabis and end the process of keeping records on homosexuals, all accompanied by leaflets, chants, and songs in the street". Protests occurred in 2003, against the G8 meetings. In June 2022, Lausanne launched Plateforme 10, an art district comprising three museums. The trio of museums included Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (MCBA), Photo Elysée, and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC). ==Geography==

Topography and the AlpsThe most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva (Le Léman in French). Lausanne is built on the southern slope of the Swiss plateau, with a difference in elevation of about between the lakeshore at Ouchy and its northern edge bordering Le Mont-sur-Lausanne and Épalinges. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Swiss and Savoyan Alps. In addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century. The former river forms a gorge running through the middle of the city south of the old city centre, generally following the course of the present Rue Centrale, with several bridges crossing the depression to connect the adjacent neighbourhoods. Due to the considerable differences in elevation, tourists should make a note as to which plane of elevation they are on and where they want to go, otherwise they will find themselves tens of metres below or above the street in which they are trying to go. The name Flon is also used for the metro station located in the gorge. The municipality includes the villages of Vidy, Cour, Ouchy, Mornex, Chailly, La Sallaz, Vennes, Montblesson, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Montheron and Chalet-à-Gobet () as well as the exclave of Vernand. Lausanne is located at the limit between the extensive wine-growing regions of Lavaux (to the east) and la Côte (to the west). Lausanne has an area, , of (depending on calculation method). Of this area, or 15.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 38.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 45.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.0% is unproductive land. Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 22.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 12.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 9.4% is used for growing crops and 4.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes and streams. Climate Lausanne has an average of 119.7 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is May during which time Lausanne receives an average of of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.1 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 8.8 days. The USDA Hardiness Zone for Lausanne-Pully is 8b with an average minimum temperature of −7.0 C over the past 20 years (1997–2016). ==Politics==

Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, chief argent. Administrative divisions The city is divided into 18 quartiers, or districts, sometimes composed of several neighborhoods. They are: Centre (1), Maupas/Valency (2), Sébeillon/Malley (3), Montoie/Bourdonnette (4), Montriond/Cour (5), Sous-Gare/Ouchy (6), Montchoisi (7), Florimont/Chissiez (8), Mousquines/Bellevue (9), Vallon/Béthusy (10), Chailly/Rovéréaz (11), Sallaz/Vennes/Séchaud (12), Sauvabelin (13), Borde/Bellevaux (14), Vinet/Pontaise (15), Bossons/Blécherette (16), Beaulieu/Grey/Boisy (17), and Les Zones foraines (90). Government The municipality (la Municipalité) constitutes the executive government of the City of Lausanne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of seven councilors (), each presiding over a directorate. One of the members act as mayor (syndic). In the mandate period 2021–2026 (la législature) the Municipality is presided by le Syndic Grégoire Junod. Directoral tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Communal Council are carried by the Municipality. The regular election of the Municipality by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every five years. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipality. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud. The current mandate period is from 1 June 2021 to 30 May 2026. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is later on elected as such by a public election as well by a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Town Hall (''L'Hôtel de Ville), in the old city on Place de la Palud''. , Lausanne's Municipality is made up of three representatives of the PS (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and two members of PES (Green Party), and one each of le Parti Ouvrier et Populaire Vaudois (POP), and PLR (Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR)), giving the left parties a very strong six out of seven seats. The last regular election was held on 7 and 28 March 2021. Simon Affolter is Town Chancellor (chancelier municipal) since and Patrizia Marzullo Darbellay is Deputy Town Chancellor since for the Municipality. Parliament The Communal Council (Conseil communal) holds legislative power. It is made up of 100 members, with elections held every five years. The Communal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipality and the administration. The sessions of the Communal Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipality, members of the Communal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Communal Council. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud. The last election of the Communal Council was held on 7 March 2021 for the mandate period (la législature) from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2026. As of this election the Communal Council consist of 29 (-4) members of the Social Democratic Party (PS), 24 (+7) Green Party (PES), 21 (0) Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR), 13 (+2) Ensemble à Gauche (an alliance of the left parties POP (Parti Suisse du Travail – Parti Ouvrier et Populaire) and solidaritéS and indépendant.e.s), 7 (-5) Swiss People's Party (UDC), and 6 (0) members of the Green Liberal Party (pvl)). In the federal election a total of 26,070 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.7%. In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 30.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the PLR (18.7%), the Green Party (15.9%), and the UDC (15.4%). In the federal election, a total of 26,116 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.0%. Twin towns and sister cities • Akhisar, Turkey • Osijek, Croatia • Pernik, Bulgaria ==Demographics==

Lausanne has a population () of . , 42% of the population were resident foreign nationals. The population of the greater Lausanne area (grand Lausanne) is 402,900 (as of December 2014). In 2000, most of the population spoke French (98,424 or 78.8%), with German being second most common (5,365 or 4.3%) and Italian being third (4,976 or 4.0%). There were 62 people who speak Romansh. The age distribution, , in Lausanne is; 11,818 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 12,128 or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21,101 people or 16.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 22,158 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 18,016 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 13,940 people or 11.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 11,041 people or 8.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 8,277 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 5,896 people or 4.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 1,171 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older. , there were 58,100 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 48,990 married individuals, 7,797 widows or widowers and 10,027 individuals who are divorced. the average number of residents per living room was 0.64 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. About 6.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). (escaliers du marché) in the old city , there were 62,258 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.9 persons per household. there were 69,383 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 22,408. There were 9,579 single room apartments and 7,388 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 61,056 apartments (88.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6,840 apartments (9.9%) were seasonally occupied and 1,487 apartments (2.1%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.17%. ==Transport==

is a rubber tyre metro system. is completely on reserved track, single line, even underground. Lausanne is served by an extensive network of local, national and international public transport. National and international passenger trains of the Swiss Federal Railways depart from Lausanne railway station, which is also the hub of the RER Vaud commuter rail system, and a stop on the city's metro. The metro and local buses are operated by Transports publics de la région lausannoise (TL), with many routes run using trolleybuses. Additional commuter trains are run by the Lausanne–Echallens–Bercher railway (LEB) from Lausanne-Flon station. Ships across Lake Geneva are provided by the (CGN). Lausanne became the first city in Switzerland to have a rubber-tyred metro system, with the M2 line, which opened in October 2008. The rolling stock is a shorter version of the one used on Paris Métro Line 14. Further expansion of the system is planned as is the re-introduction of trams. Lausanne is connected to the A1 motorway on its west side (Geneva – Zurich axis) and to the A9 on its north and east side (for transit with Italy and France); the interchange between these two motorways is on the north-west side of the city. Lausanne Airport is located at Blécherette, and also houses a Boeing 737 Simulator. The city is also directly linked by train to the Geneva International Airport, four times an hour, in 42 min. ==Economy==

in the centre and Parc de Milan at the bottom) , Lausanne had an unemployment rate of 8 percent. As of 2008, there were 114 people employed in the primary sector of the economy and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 6,348 people were employed in the secondary sector of the economy and there were 698 businesses in this sector. 83,157 people were employed in the tertiary sector of the economy, with 6,501 active businesses in this sector. As of 2000, there were 55,789 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,082 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 1.9 percent of the workforce coming into Lausanne are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1 percent of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 40.9 percent used public transportation to get to work, and 35.1 percent used a private car. • Retraites Populaires, financial services • Sophia Genetics, biotechnology • Tetra Laval, packaging; and • Vaudoise Assurances, insurance ==Education==

(photo) and the University of Lausanne form a large campus near the lake Geneva. In Lausanne about 40,118 or (32.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22,934 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 22,934 who completed tertiary schooling, 38.7% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women, 17.1% were non-Swiss men and 12.9% were non-Swiss women. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 2,648 children of which 1,947 children (73.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 6,601 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 5,244 students in those schools. There were also 399 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. Lausanne is home to several museums, including the ''Collection de l'art brut, the Espace Arlaud, the Fondation de l'Hermitage, the Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire, the Musée cantonal de géologie, the Musée cantonal de zoologie'', the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, the Musée de l'Élysée and the Musée historique de Lausanne. In 2009 the ''Collection de l'art brut was visited by 27,028 people (the average in previous years was 33,356). The Espace Arlaud was visited by 9,222 people (the average in previous years was 14,206). The Fondation de l'Hermitage was visited by 89,175 people (the average in previous years was 74,839). The Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire was visited by 14,841 people (the average in previous years was 15,775). The Musée cantonal de zoologie was visited by 30,794 people (the average in previous years was 30,392). The Musée cantonal de géologie'' was visited by 28,299 people (the average in previous years was 24,248). The Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts was visited by 26,456 people (the average in previous years was 26,384). The Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts was visited by 28,554 people (the average in previous years was 22,879). The Musée de l'Élysée was visited by 36,775 people (the average in previous years was 37,757). The Musée historique de Lausanne was visited by 23,116 people (the average in previous years was 22,851). Tertiary education Lausanne enjoys some world class education and research establishments (see also Lausanne campus), including private schools, attended by students from around the world. • Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) • University of Lausanne (UNIL) • HEC Lausanne, Faculty of Business and Economics of the University of Lausanne • University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), a hospital centre with associated research • École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) • ''École cantonale d'art de Lausanne'' (ECAL) • International Institute for Management Development (IMD) • Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP) • AISTS ("International Academy of Sports Science and Technology") • Business School Lausanne (BSL) • The Lausanne campus of the University of the Nations • Pepperdine University maintains an international study campus in Lausanne Primary and secondary schools ; International schools: • École française de Lausanne-Valmont • Lycée Pareto (Italian school) • Brillantmont International School • International School of Lausanne • Collège Champittet ; Private schools: • École Vinet • École Alphalif ==Culture and arts==

Heritage sites of national significance There are 46 buildings or sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. Additionally, the entire old city of Lausanne and the Vernand-Dessus region are listed in the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. • Religious Buildings: Notre-Dame Cathedral, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-François, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Laurent and the Synagogue at Avenue de Florimont. • Civic Structures: Former Hôpital at Rue Mercerie 24, Former Federal Tribunal, the Former Académie at Rue Cité-Devant 7, Casino de Montbenon, St-Maire Castle, Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Fondation de l'Hermitage and House de maître, Railway station, Beau-Rivage Palace, City Hall, Hôtel des Postes, Administration Building of André & Cie. S.A., Administration Building of the Vaudoise Assurances, Apartment and Office Building at Rue du Grand-Chêne 8, Les Bains de Bellerive, ''l'Estérel'' House, House at Chemin de Chandolin 4, the Mon-Repos estate at Parc de Mon-Repos, Olympic Museum and Archives of the International Olympic Committee, the vessels of the CGN (La Suisse (1910), Savoie (1914), Simplon (1920), Rhône (1927)), Pont Chauderon, the Vernand-Dessus rural site, Site de l'Expo 64 avec Théatre de Vidy, the Tour Bel-Air and the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV). • Museums and Libraries: Former Residence of the Bishop of Lausanne which is now the Lausanne Museum of History, Bibliothèque des cèdres (former Bibliothèque des pasteurs), Beaulieu Castle and the ''Collection de l'art brut'', Fondation Toms Pauli Collection de tapisseries and d'art textile, Galeries Saint-François, ''Musée de l'Élysée, Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC), Cantonal Botanical Museum and Gardens, the Roman Museum, the Palais de Rumine with the Musée cantonal de géologie, Cantonal Museum of Zoology, Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, (Cabinet des médailles) and Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire''. • Archives: Archives of the Banque Vaudoise, Archives of the City of Lausanne, Archives of Énergie Ouest Suisse (EOS), the Radio Suisse Romande archives and the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland with archives. • Archeological sites: The Roman era/medieval hill-top city and the prehistoric settlement and Roman era Vicus of Vidy (Lousanna). Casino Montbenon.jpg|The Casino de Montbenon Lausanne-cathe7.JPG|Lausanne Cathedral CHUV Lausanne Suisse 045.JPG|University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) Château St-Maire.jpg|Château Saint-Maire Picswiss VD-46-21.jpg|Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-François St-Laurent Lausanne.jpg|Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Laurent Hermitagefoundation.jpg|Fondation de l'Hermitage Gare-lausanne-IMG 0002.JPG|Lausanne railway station Beau Rivage Hotel, Lausanne.jpg|Hôtel Beau-Rivage Palace TschumiMutuelleAssurance03.jpg|Administrative building of the Vaudoise Assurances Musée de l'Elysée 4.jpg|Musée de l'Élysée Musee olympique.jpg| Olympic Museum and Archives of the International Olympic Committee Ouchy waterfront statue.JPG|Ouchy waterfront Lausanne synagogue.jpg|Synagogue Tour sauvabelin.JPG|The Sauvabelin Tower Lausanne (ship, 1991) at CGN harbour Lausanne-Ouchy 2007-12-16.jpg| Culture , the Palais de Rumine hosts several museums. is based in Lausanne. It operates the Cinéma Capitole, the largest cinema in Switzerland. The Orchestre de chambre de Lausanne, the Lausanne Opera and the Ensemble vocal de Lausanne provide a diverse and rich musical life. The latter has been under the direction of Michel Corboz for many years. In January, the Prix de Lausanne, a famous dance competition, takes place at the Palais de Beaulieu (the biggest theatre in Switzerland) over a one-week period. The event attracts dancers and some of the big names in dance from all over the world. The Swiss Film Archive is based in Lausanne and the city hosts film festivals such as the Festival cinémas d’Afrique Lausanne and the Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival. In addition to modern cinemas, the "Capitole" (in activity since 1929) is the biggest cinema in Switzerland (currently 867 seats). The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1989. Each July, the Festival de la cité is held in the old town. Other music festivals include the Bach Festival, the Festival et concours Bach de Lausanne, which follows the Nuit des musées (museums' night) in the fall season. Lausanne is also the home of the Béjart Ballet. Monuments • Cathedral (restored by Viollet-le-Duc) • Saint-Maire Castle (Château Saint-Maire) • Town Hall Museums Lausanne is also the site of many museums: • Archizoom • Musée Bolo • Olympic Museum (Musée olympique) • Musée de l'Élysée • ("Hermitage Foundation") • Collection of Outsider Art (Collection de l'art brut) • Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (Musée de design et d'arts appliqués contemporains) • (Musée historique de Lausanne) • Musée Arlaud or "Espace Arlaud" • Espace des inventions ("Science Center for Kids") at the • – Musée de la main ("Museum of the Hand") • • Cantonal Botanical Museum and Gardens (Musée et jardins botaniques cantonaux) • (Musée monétaire cantonal) (formerly "Cabinet cantonal des médailles") • (Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire) • Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (Musée cantonal des beaux-arts) • Cantonal Museum of Zoology (Musée cantonal de zoologie) • (Musée cantonal de Géologie) • Art galleries Main contemporary art galleries • Galerie Lucy Mackintosh (closed) • Dubner Moderne • Synopsism • Espace Saint-François Art centers or artist-run galleries • Circuit • Galerie Galerie 1m3 • Doll espace d'art contemporain Music • Contemporary composer Leonardo Balada's Symphony No. 4 is subtitled Lausanne. • Igor Stravinsky's ''L'Histoire du Soldat'' was premiered in Lausanne in September 1918. ==Sports==

in Lausanne Lausanne is home to the IOC, with water sports available on the nearby lake and mountaineering in the nearby mountains. Cycling is also a common pastime, with the vineyards in the surrounding hills providing extensive views and challenging routes. There is an annual Track and field meeting (Athletissima), road running through the city (the 20 km (12 mi) of Lausanne), the Tour de Romandie road cycling race, Marathon of Lausanne and triathlon competition, among other sports events. The two most important sports are ice hockey and football. Lausanne hosted the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics and the 2020 IIHF World Championship. Local • Lausanne HC Ice Hockey Club • Lausanne-Sport Football Club • Stade Lausanne Ouchy Football Club • Stade Lausanne Rugby Club • Lausanne-Sports Aviron Rowing Club • Lausanne University Club American Football (LUCAF) • Federation of Swiss Bandy • Lausanne University Club (Luc) Rugby • Swiss Power Wrestling (SPW) Professional Wrestling promotion and school • Esperance Sportive Pully Basketball club International Lausanne hosts the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and many other international sport associations: • European Athletics Association (EAA) • International Baseball Federation (IBAF) • International Federation of American Football (IFAF) • International Canoe Federation (ICF) • International Federation for Equestrian Sports (, FEI) • International Fencing Federation (, FIE) • International Golf Federation (, IGF) • International Federation of Gymnastics (, FIG) • International Hockey Federation (, FIH) • International Rowing Federation (, FISA) • International Skating Union (ISU) • International Swimming Federation (, FINA) • International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) • International Triathlon Union (ITU) • International University Sports Federation (, FISU) • International Volleyball Federation (, FIVB) • International Wushu Federation (IWUF) • World Air Sports Federation (, FAI) • World Archery Federation (WA; , FITA) • World Boxing • World DanceSport Federation (, WDSF) • World Taekwondo • FIDE (International Chess Federation) ==International relations==

In March–April 2015, the negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework for a comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme took place at the Beau-Rivage Palace, where the foreign ministers and delegations from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France, the European Union, Germany (P5+1) and Iran were also hosted. The final press conference, on 2 April 2015, was held at the EPFL Learning Centre. On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed at the Beau-Rivage Palace. ==Notable people==

Public service, the military and the church • Pierre Viret (1511–1571), Reformed theologian and Protestant reformer • David-Louis Constant de Rebecque (1722–1785), colonel and commandant of a Swiss regiment • Alexandre Vinet (1797–1847), critic and theologian • Amalric-Frédéric Buscarlet (1836–1928), overseas minister of the Church of Scotland, promoted the building of the Scots Kirk, Lausanne in 1876 • Major General Lionel Dunsterville CB CSI (1865–1946), British general, who led Dunsterforce • Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867–1951), Finnish field marshal and president • Gustave Biéler DSO MBE (1904–1944), Special Operations Executive agent during World War II • Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh (1914–2003), Russian Orthodox ecclesiastic • Georges-André Chevallaz (1915–2002), historian, politician, Mayor of Lausanne 1958–1973 and member of the Swiss Federal Council 1974–1983 • Jean-François Bergier (1931–2009), historian, chaired the Bergier commission • Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1936–1998), politician • Daniel Brélaz (born 1950), mathematician and politician, Mayor of Lausanne 2001–2016 • Simone de Montmollin (born 1968), member of the National Council • Cassandre Berdoz, first woman Watchman of Lausanne Cathedral • Marguerite Narbel (1918–2010), member of the Grand Council of Vaud Science and architecture • Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand (1716–1787), natural philosopher • Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784–1817), traveller, geographer and orientalist • Oswald Heer (1809–1883), geologist and naturalist • Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879), French architect and author • Eugène Renevier (1831–1906), geologist and professor at the University of Lausanne • Léon Walras (1834–1910), economist, professor of economics at University of Lausanne, co-founder of the Lausanne School of economics, together with Vilfredo Pareto • Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), economist, engineer, sociologist, philosopher, professor of economics at University of Lausanne, co-founder of the Lausanne School of economics, together with: Léon Walras • Sir Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930), Ukrainian bacteriologist • Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), physicist, inventor and explorer • Michel Mayor (born 1942), astrophysicist, winner of the 2015 Kyoto Prize and co-laureate of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics • Bernard Tschumi (born 1944), architect, writer and educator associated with deconstructivism • Martin Odersky (born 1958), inventor and maintainer of the Scala programming language, professor of programming methods at EPFL Writing • Jean Bagnyon (1412–1487), lawyer, historian, political writer and translator • Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750), writer, theologian and philosopher • Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), English historian, writer and Member of Parliament • Benjamin Constant (1767–1830), political activist and writer on politics and religion. • Charles Secrétan (1815–1895), philosopher • Albert Chavannes (1836–1903), American author, philosopher and sociologist • Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), French-speaking Swiss writer • Verena Hoehne (1945–2012), journalist and author • Georges Simenon (1903–1989), Belgian writer, created Jules Maigret • Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980), Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist • Jean Anouilh (1910–1987), French dramatist • Jack Rollan (1916–2007), journalist • Han Suyin (1917–2012), Chinese-born Eurasian physician and author of books on China • Nanos Valaoritis (1921–2019), Greek writer, poet, novelist and playwright • Jeanlouis Cornuz (1922–2007), novel writer • Albin Schram (1926–2005), collected letters by royals, scientists, writers and philosophers • Jon Steele (born 1950), American expatriate author, cameraman and journalist • Manon Schick (born 1974), Swiss-German journalist and human rights activist Acting • George Sanders (1906–1972), British film and television actor and author • James Mason (1909–1984), English actor • Freddy Buache (1924–2019), cinema critic and director of the Swiss Film Archive 1951–1996 • Capucine (1928–1990), French actress and model • Fernand Melgar (born 1961), actor, producer, director and film editor • Vincent Perez (born 1964), film actor and director • David Bennent (born 1966), actor • Élodie Frenck (born 1974), Peruvian-Swiss-French actress • James Thiérrée (born 1974), circus performer, violinist, actor and director Painting • Jeanne-Charlotte Allamand (1760–1839), pioneer, educator and artist • François Bocion (1828–1890), artist and teacher, painted scenes around Lake Geneva • Eugène Grasset (1845–1917), decorative artist, pioneer in Art Nouveau design • Elizabeth Thompson (Lady Butler) (1846–1933), British painter of history paintings • Théophile Steinlen (1859–1923), French Art Nouveau painter and printmaker • Marius Borgeaud (1861–1924), Post-Impressionist painter • Félix Vallotton (1865–1925), Swiss/French painter and printmaker associated with Les Nabis • Alice Bailly (1872–1938), radical painter, participated in the Dada movement • René Auberjonois (1872–1957), post-impressionist painter • Ernest Boiceau (1881–1950), artist and designer • Aloise Corbaz (1886–1964), outsider artist • Lucienne Peiry (born 1961), PhD in the history of art, specialist in Outsider Art ("Art Brut"), an exhibition curator and lecturer • Andy Picci (born 1989), conceptual artist • Irene Pijoan (1953–2004), painter, sculptor, educator • James Nix (born 1963), painter • Georges Dumitresco (1922–2008), Romanian-Swiss physician, painter, illustrator and poet Music and dancing • Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937), Polish composer and pianist • Hélène Boschi (1917–1990), pianist • Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), dancer, choreographer and opera director, ran the Béjart Ballet • Charles Dutoit (born 1936), conductor • Manola Asensio (born 1943), ballet dancer • Jacques Viret (born 1943), French musicologist • Pierre Amoyal (born 1949), French violinist, artistic director of the Conservatory of Lausanne • Rachel Kolly d'Alba (born 1981), violinist and an honorary citizen of Asunción in Paraguay Royalty, nobility, and the landed gentry • Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg (1887–1969), Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII • Alexandra Tegleva (1894–1955), Russian noblewoman who served as a nursemaid in the Imperial Household, lived in Lausanne after the Russian Revolution • Helen of Greece and Denmark (1896–1982), Queen mother of Romania, saved Romanian Jews in World War II • Prince Nicholas Tchkotoua (1909–1984), Georgian writer and member of the Order of Malta • Bhumibol Adulyadej (1927–2016), late King of Thailand, educated and lived locally 1933–1945 • Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015), last infante of Spain • Prince Egon von Fürstenberg (1946–2004), socialite, banker, fashion and interior designer • Princess Yasmin Aga Khan (born 1949), American philanthropist • Princess Margareta of Romania (born 1949), daughter of King Michael I and Queen Anne of Romania • Princess Elena of Romania (born 1950), daughter of King Michael I and Queen Anne of Romania • Princess Ubol Ratana (born 1951), Thai princess • Prince Christoph of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1956–2006), European socialite Business • Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920), Russian jeweller of Fabergé eggs, founded House of Fabergé • Coco Chanel (1883–1971), French fashion designer and businesswoman • Ingvar Kamprad (1926–2018), founded IKEA • Paloma Picasso (born 1949), French and Spanish fashion designer and businesswoman • Dominique Lévy (born 1967), art dealer Sport • Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), French baron, founder of the International Olympic Committee • André Wicky (1928–2016), racing car driver and team owner • Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004), head of Fiat and Juventus FC • Howard Stupp (born 1955), Canadian wrestler • Bertrand Piccard FRSGS (born 1958), psychiatrist and balloonist • Patrik Lörtscher (born 1960), curler, Olympic winner • Stéphane Chapuisat (born 1969), footballer • Mattia Binotto (born 1969), Italian F1 engineer, team principal of Scuderia Ferrari from 2019 to 2022 • Sébastien Loeb (born 1974), French rally, racing, and rallycross driver • Ludovic Magnin (born 1979), footballer • Lorik Cana (born 1983), Albanian footballer • Stan Wawrinka (born 1985), tennis player • Stéphane Lambiel (born 1985), figure skater and coach and Olympic silver medalist • Timea Bacsinszky (born 1989), tennis player • Hugo de Sadeleer (born 1997), racing driver • Dario Cabanelas (born 2006), racing driver Unwelcome notables • Marie Manning (1821–1849), Swiss domestic servant and, with her husband, a murderer • Serge Voronoff (1866–1951), French quack surgeon of Russian extraction • Gaston-Armand Amaudruz (1920–2018), neo-fascist political philosopher and Holocaust denier • François Genoud (1915–1996), financier and Nazi sympathizer == See also ==