Chino (casta)

A Mexican Inquisition bigamy case in Mexico City labeled one woman variously as a china, loba ("wolf"), and parda ("dark skinned"), one example of a person shifting racial categorization. In marriage applications where individuals had to include the names of their parents, chinos tended not to know this information. When painters produced in the eighteenth century formal depictions of "castes" as envisioned by members of the elite, the term chino appears with no fixed definition. These paintings show father of one racial category, mother of another, and the offspring yet a third category. In Mexican casta paintings, a ‘’chino’’ could refer to offspring of a Lobo (African + Indigenous) and Negra (pure African woman); Lobo and India (pure Indigenous woman); Mulatto (European + Negra) and an India; a Coyote and a Mulata; a Spaniard and Morisca (light-skinned woman with African ancestry); and a Chamicoyote and Indian woman. ==Contemporary usage==

In 1821 with Mexican Independence from Spain, the new nation abolished the colonial-era, legal racial categories, with unequal privileges and restrictions. The various casta terms generally fell out of popular usage and eventually a new, all-encompassing Mexican Mestizo identity emerged. However, the use of Chino has survived in modern Mexican Spanish via the term pelo chino (Chino hair) when referring to curly hair. Although chino can mean Chinese in standard Spanish, the chino in pelo chino does not refer to Chinese people. Rather it refers to the curly hair of the Chino casta. Alluding to an intermediate hair type that is between the afro-textured hair of Africans and the straight hair of Europeans. There are many songs with the theme of the Chinese woman, like this tango by Cátulo Castillo: ==See also==