Plants of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve

General characteristics Forest types in the reserve including mesophytic, cloud, dry deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical forests. Anthropologists know the region as Zona de Occidente, an area notably different from the rest of Mesoamerica. Some ceramic remnants, figurines and graves have been found, but there is little other material evidence of ancient human settlement. As of 1995 almost 8,000 people lived in the Sierra de Manantlán Reserve, engaged mainly in agriculture (corn, beans, tomatoes, sugar cane, watermelon, mangoes), livestock grazing, timber production, and extraction of wood for fuel and mining of coal or minerals. Another 30,000 lived in the surrounding communities and almost 700,000 in the surrounding region. Location and geography The Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve is located to the extreme north of the inter-tropical zone. The climate in the region is influenced by its proximity to the coast, the effect of its landform (orographic shade) and the breadth of its altitudinal range. These characteristics explain the high biodiversity and the presence of numerous plant formations ranging from tropical forests to temperate-cold climates. Birds and mammals The Sierra de Manantlán's varied and complex plant cover harbours a great wealth of flora. There are over 2900 species of vascular plants belonging to 981 genera. Wildlife is one of the important components of the high biodiversity in this reserve. Among the main values of the Sierra de Manantlán, in addition to its great wealth of species and its unique biogeographical characteristics, particular mention should be made of the presence of endangered or useful endemic species. So far 110 mammal species have been reported, including the Mexican vole subspecies Microtus mexicanus neveriae, the pocket gopher Cratogeomys gymnurus russelli, the oncilla, jaguarandi, ocelot, puma, bobcat, jaguar and four species of nectarivorous bats. There are 336 bird species which have been reported, among them are 36 which are endemic to Mexico, such as the charismatic species: crested guan (Penelope purpurascens), military macaw (Ara militaris), red-lored amazon (Amazona autumnalis) and the Mexican national symbol, the golden eagle. In terms of herpetofauna, 85 species have been recorded; of these 13 are endemic to the western and central region of Mexico: rattlesnake, black iguana, frog Shyrrhopus modestus, beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Autlan rattlesnake (Crotalus lannomi), an endemic species only reported for the area of Puerto de Los Mazos. Of the 16 species of fish identified, 13 are native and four are endemic to the region. Most plants in the list below can be found in Flora de Manantlán, and at the Missouri Botanical Garden are used as authorities for names with adjustments for the system in use by Wikipedia. Species include ecosystem, growth habit, and common names where available. ==Cycads==

===Zamiaceae=== • Zamia loddigesii: a shrub or ==Coniferae==

Pines and their allies. ===Cupressaceae=== ====Cupressus==== • Cupressus lusitanica: tree – cloud forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest – '''' • Pinus durangensis: tree ==Monocotyledons or Liliopsida==

===Cyperaceae=== ====Cyperus==== • Cyperus hermaphroditus ===Graminea or Poaceae=== ====Festuca==== • Festuca breviglumis ===Liliaceae or Asparagaceae=== ====Agave==== • Agave maximiliana ====Otatea==== • Otatea acuminata – '''' • Otatea aztecorum ====Piptochaetium==== • Piptochaetium virescens ====Zea==== • Zea diploperennis – '''' ===Smilacaceae=== ====Smilax==== • Smilax domingensis ===Typhaceae=== ====Typha==== • Typha domingensis ==Magnoliopsida or Dicotyledons==

Flowering plants ===Acanthaceae=== ====Aphelandra==== • Aphelandra lineariloba: ====Licaria==== • Licaria triandra – ', ', '''' ====Litsea==== • Litsea glaucescens – '''' ====Nectandra==== • Nectandra hihua – ', ' ====Persea==== • Persea hintonii – '''' • Persea sp. ===Leguminosae or Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae=== ====Acacia==== • Acacia acatlensis • Acacia angustissima var. angustissima – '''' • Acacia angustissima var. texensis • Acacia cochliacantha – ', ', '''' • Acacia farnesiana or Vachellia farnesiana: secondary vegetation – '''' • Acacia glomerosa • Acacia hindsii – '''' • Acacia macilenta – ', ' • Acacia pennatula – '''' • Acacia riparia – '''' • Acacia × standleyi • Acacia tequilana ====Aeschynomene==== • Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa • Aeschynomene amorphoides • Aeschynomene histrix var. histrix • Aeschynomene langlassei • Aeschynomene petraea • Aeschynomene rudis • Aeschynomene villosa var. mexicana • Aeschynomene villosa var. villosa ====Albizia==== • Albizia occidentalis • Albizia tomentosa – ', ', '''' ====Apoplanesia==== • Apoplanesia paniculata ====Astragalus==== • Astragalus ervoides var. maysillesii • Astragalus guatemalensis var. brevidentatus ====Bauhinia==== • Bauhinia divaricata – '''' • Bauhinia pauletia – '''' • Bauhinia ungulata ====Brogniartia==== • Brogniartia mortonii ====Caesalpinia==== • Caesalpinia cacalaco – '''' • Caesalpinia mexicana • Caesalpinia pulcherrima – '''' ====Calliandra==== • Calliandra anomala • Calliandra bijuga • Calliandra caeciliae • Calliandra eriophylla • Calliandra grandiflora • Calliandra hirsuta • Calliandra houstonii – '''' • Calliandra laevis: ====Salix==== • Salix bonplandiana – some authorities consider this a disjunct population of Acer skutchii or a disjunct relict population of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), a much more northern species ===Solanaceae=== ====Solanum==== • Solanum aligerum ===Styracaceae=== ====Styrax==== • Styrax argenteus: cloud forest • Styrax ramirezii ===Symplocaceae=== ====Symplocos==== • Symplocos citraea === Theaceae or Pentaphylacaceae === ====Cleyera==== • Cleyera integrifolia: cloud forest, gallery forest ====Symplococarpon==== • Symplococarpon purpusii: cloud forest ====Ternstroemia==== • Ternstroemia lineata – chico curioso ===Tiliaceae or Malvaceae === ====Tilia==== • Tilia mexicana or Tilia americana var. mexicana: cloud forest – sirimo ====Triumfetta==== • Triumfetta barbosa: cloud forest ===Ulmaceae or Cannabaceae=== ====Aphanante==== • Aphanante monoica ===Urticaceae=== ====Cecropia==== • Cecropia obtusifolia ===Verbenaceae=== ====Citharexylum==== • Citharexylum mocinoi: cloud forest ====Lippia==== • Lippia umbellata: cloud forest ====Verbena==== • Verbena carolina ===Violaceae=== ====Hybanthus==== • Hybanthus attenuatus: herb • Hybanthus elatus: herb • Hybanthus mexicanus: herb ====Viola==== • Viola grahamii: herb • Viola oxyodontis: herb ===Vitaceae=== ====Ampelocissus==== • Ampelocissus acapulcensis: vine ====Ampelopsis==== • Ampelopsis mexicana: vine ====Cissus==== • Cissus cucurbitina: vine • Cissus rhombifolia: vine – bejuco de agua, parilla, uva • Cissus verticillata: vine – parilla ====Parthenocissus==== • Parthenocissus quinquefolia: vine – Virginia creeper ====Vitis==== • Vitis tiliifolia: vine – uva ===Zygophyllaceae=== ====Guaiacum==== • Guaiacum coulteri: tree – lignum vitae, palo fierro ====Kallstroemia==== • Kallstroemia maxima: shrub • Kallstroemia rosei: shrub ====Tribulus==== • Tribulus cistoides: shrub ==See also==