Custer County was formed on 1891 as an original county from former
Cheyenne land, and called G County. On November 6, 1896, it was renamed Custer County after General
George Armstrong Custer, who had fought the Southern Cheyenne Indians at the
Battle of the Washita 20 miles west in
Roger Mills County. The county was settled by
American settlers during the third official land run of April 19, 1892. On this day the first newspaper of the county appeared, the Arapaho Arrow. Before Custer County became a county two major expeditions were conducted through the area. The first was the Whipple Railroad Expedition surveyed during the year 1853 and was then followed by the construction of
Beale's Wagon Road in 1858. Both of these expedition were federally funded. The Beale Wagon Road went from
Fort Smith, Arkansas to
Los Angeles, California at a cost of $210,000. While Lt.
Edward Fitzgerald Beale was moving through the future county his crew built 7 wooden bridges across major creeks to make it easier for travelers to move over the hilly country. This road became the first federally funded interstate highway to be constructed in the
American Southwest. It is the Grandmother of federal roads, with Route 66 being one of its children. The best source for this information is found in the report written by Lt. Beale in 1860 and entitled "Wagon Road Fort Smith To The
Colorado River" published by the
U.S Congress. This report can be read in an article written in the Chronicles Of Oklahoma in 1934 with the same title. Before Custer County became a county four major expeditions were conducted through the area. The first was
Josiah Gregg's route from
Santa Fe, New Mexico to Fort Smith, Arkansas during the years 1839–1840. This route became known as the Fort Smith to Santa Fe Trail and entered the county a few miles northeast of
Hydro, Oklahoma. From there it moved northward past the mounds near
Thomas, Oklahoma. Once past the mounds the road went more northwest and left the county north of the headwaters of Deer Creek. During the year 1849 thousands of gold seekers passed through the county. One such group was made up of 1,500 individuals and escorted by Captain
Randolph B. Marcy. When this company entered future Custer County, southeast of
Weatherford, Oklahoma, Marcy and the military escort traveled northward to join the Fort Smith Santa Fe Trail. The gold seekers blazed a new trail northwestward towards the Antelope Hills located in modern Roger Mills, County. Their major complaint was the difficulty they had crossing the many deep creeks they encountered on the route. In 1853 the first railroad survey was conducted from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Los Angeles, California. This survey was directed by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple, and financed by Congress. Whipple's survey party entered Custer County in its southeast corner. Whipple followed almost the same path as the 49ers had, recommending bridges be built over the streams in question. Five years later, in 1858, Lt. Edward F. Beale was instructed by the U.S Secretary of War,
John B. Floyd to improve an already existing road system from Fort Smith, Arkansas to
Albuquerque, New Mexico. The purpose was to create one major road to follow than the many routes that were being used. Beale was also instructed to locate bridge sites where Iron bridges would be built to ease the problem of creek and river crossings. As a result, 6 Iron bridges were constructed in
Eastern Oklahoma during the years 1859–1860. When Beale's construction crew entered the southeast corner of Custer County, they followed the same route the 49ers had in 1849. When he came to creeks that needed bridging, temporary wooden bridges were constructed across 7 creeks before leaving the county. These bridges were supposed to be replaced by Iron bridges, however Congress did not allocate enough money to have this come to pass. Total construction time for this road was 1857-1860 and the
Federal U.S. Government spent $210,000.00 to build this road from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Los Angeles, California. Thus making this road the first federally funded interstate highway to be built in the Southwest some 66 years before the famed Route 66 highway began in 1926. So if historians have named Route 66 the Mother Road, then the Beale Wagon Road must be the Grandmother Road and Route 66 one of its children. The Beale Wagon Road saw little use in Custer County because the Civil War interrupted traffic flow, which forced people to use the
Santa Fe Trail through
Kansas. After the war traffic flow was slow but picked up during the late 1860s. During the summer of 1866 a large regiment of
U.S troops passed through the county including African American troops, known as the
Buffalo Soldiers. They lost their commanding officer while he was on a hunting trip. He eventually found his way back to Fort Smith by following the Beale Road. In 1868 Custer's troops followed a portion to the road in the Clinton area while following down the
Washita River to
Fort Cobb. During the reservation years Parties of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians used Beale's Route while passing through their lands. In 1892 When this county was opened to American settlers, The Beale Wagon Road served as the main road for those farmers who used the road to travel to towns which were on or close to the road. The road lost its identity when section line county roads were established. ==Geography==