of Suxilia's "
compagna" and the
Maddalena sestiere plaque The history of the historic core of the Ligurian capital is totally linked to the
city's history, from the beginnings of the construction of the first dwellings of the Ligurians on the hill of Castello, to the Roman period, along the years of the
Maritime Republics (of which the annalist
Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone, known simply as the Caffaro,
kept note), to the patriotic and insurrectional battles of
Young Italy and
Giuseppe Mazzini's
Carboneria. The first hypotheses about the history of ancient Genoa, unrelated to mythology or propagandistic versions of its origins and pre-Roman period, date back to the 17th century (an example is Odoardo Ganducio's ''Discorso sopra l'iscrittione, ouero epitafio ritrouato a Tortona in vn marmo, d' vn decurione antico genuese'', 1614), but only with the discoveries that have occurred since the end of the 19th century and the subsequent study of the finds has a clearer (albeit partly incomplete) view of the city's real past become available. However, many of the publications describing the city's history up to the mid-19th century did not address the question of the location of the earliest settlements or the period in which they originated. Reconstructions of past centuries did not always prove to be accurate in the light of new discoveries, and it often occurred that they contained errors, due to a lack of archaeological sources and/or an attempt to locate elements of the ancient city based on those, more modern, of Genoa visible at the time when these hypotheses were made. The habit of building on existing structures (often recycling materials salvaged from earlier constructions, even from places outside Genoa), the numerous alterations and expansions of pre-existing buildings and churches carried out during periods of economic prosperity and growth of the city, or even the outright urbanistic revolutions caused by the growing need to improve the city's road network, as well as the destruction wrought by
French bombardments in the 17th century, those related to the
Savoy's repression of the
independence uprisings of 1849, and finally those suffered at the hands of the Allies in World War II, which were followed by related reconstructions, have given rise to a very heterogeneous building situation, with streets and squares where, within the space of a few dozen meters, buildings can be found separated from each other by centuries of history. Most of the ancient buildings that make up the historic center date back to the 12th and 13th centuries, although they have often undergone later modifications. The area of the historic center is bounded by the watersheds that divide it from the
Polcevera Valley to the northwest and the Bisagno Valley to the northeast. Geologically, it consists of three types of geological formations: the marly limestones of Mount Antola (Carignano and Sarzano areas, as well as the area between Righi and
Castelletto and the Lanterna area), dating from the
Late Cretaceous and
Paleocene periods; the Val Polcevera mudstones (with some outcrops, especially in the Granarolo area), which form the base of the
flysch of the earlier formation; Piccapietra marls (Portoria area and part of the Maddalena and Molo districts), dating from the
Pliocene. There were several streams and creeks in the area, which over the centuries were covered and/or channeled into the city sewer system to obtain new building areas. Some terms in the city's toponymy refer to these streams, for example in the street at the Ponte Reale (connecting Piazza Banchi to Piazza Caricamento), where the term "
Reale" would not mean royalty, but would be a deformation of
rià (
rio, or stream, in
Genoese), from the
riale di Soziglia (i.e., Soziglia stream) that flowed in the area. Another example would be Piazza Acquaverde (opposite the
Piazza Principe train station), whose name is said to derive from the presence of a pond rich in algae, hence the greenish color, fed by the Sant'Ugo stream (a legend has it that it was
the saint himself who caused the water that fed the pond to gush out). The historic center is traditionally divided into six areas called
sestieri: (
Prè,
Portoria,
Molo,
Maddalena,
San Vincenzo (Genoa), San Teodoro), with the historical trace of the ancient districts of what was once the capital of the
Republic of Genoa being maintained. This subdivision falls outside the one that sees the municipal territory organized into more than a dozen wards (or municipalities): the six
sestieri are currently included in the territory of the
Municipi I Centro Est and
II Centro Ovest (for the
sestiere of San Teodoro alone). Streets and alleys traditionally were paved with stones or bricks, which composed various designs, from the more linear ones, such as parallel-row or herringbone placement, to more complex ones. The stone slabs were usually of two sizes, a thin and long type (about 12–15 cm by 70–75 cm), called "
cordonini," and a wider type (24–26 cm by 50–60 com) called "
tacchi," and sometimes these were alternated with bricks or flanked by cobblestones. In churchyards or palace gardens sometimes the technique of
risseu, a
cobblestone mosaic typical of
Liguria, was used. Over the years, asphalt paving has covered some of the original pavement.
Surface In view of the original core's size of 1.13 km² (i.e., 113 hectares, the area of the Prè-Molo-Maddalena neighborhoods), it is cited as the most extensive old town in Europe. In fact, this may be considered an urban legend, as it turns out to be less extensive than, for example,
Rome (1,430 hectares) and
Naples (the latter, with its 1,700 hectares, the largest). . On the upper left is the
Clock Skyscraper built in the 1930s to a design by
Marcello Piacentini. In the center of the photo is the bell tower of
San Lorenzo Cathedral and in the background part of the
basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, the work of Alessi The high density of buildings, especially after the enormous building growth that began with the 18th century, nevertheless makes it one of the historical centers with the highest population density: by Goffredo Casalis, the surface area of the town is estimated, also using data from M. Cevasco's
Statistique de la ville de Genes, published a few years earlier, pointing out how its conformation, endowed with numerous changes in the elevation of the terrain, makes the flat area much less than it actually is: The text then gives these surface figures (in
hectares) for the six
sestieri as they were delimited at the time: The municipality of Genoa, for the urban units covering the two districts related to the city center, provides these area values (not all the urban units listed are part of what is identified with the historic center):
The development of early Genoa and early settlements , one of the first areas of the historic center to be inhabited. This square and its surroundings were also damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and renovated in the following decades. The fountain in the square, the work of
Bartolomeo Bianco and built around the mid-17th century, is located above one of the cisterns that served the city in case of siege. On top of the hexagonal temple that covers the structure is a statue depicting
Janus, a reminder of one of the theories that claim the name Genoa derives from that of the Roman deity. With the opening in 2006, after years of construction, of the
Sarzano-Sant'Agostino subway station, the square was reached by public transportation for the first time. As written earlier, due to the frequent and continuous construction of new buildings on top of what previously existed and after the bombing of the last world war, no Roman or pre-Roman remains are visible. Over the past two centuries, remodeling works in some parts of the city (e.g.,
Via XX Settembre and surrounding areas between the 18th and 19th centuries), as well as restoration and extension works on buildings and streets, have repeatedly brought to light numerous ruins and objects related to early city settlements or the later Roman period. During excavations for the construction of the subway, a 12-meter-long dry-stone wall with nearby remains of hearths and a canal were found in the area adjacent to the
Brignole train station, the origin of which would date back to a period between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. This construction would demonstrate the probable presence of small settlements in the area since the
Bronze Age. A fraction of the wall was later reconstructed and displayed in the subway station that arose in the area, along with another find, namely part of the churchyard of the ancient church of Santa Maria degli Incrociati (a name given to the Hospitallers who had a shelter and church there in the
late Middle Ages). The presence of the wall (believed after studies to be the retaining wall of a road), as well as the probable remains of a pile-dwelling found during work in the area of the present-day Piazza della Vittoria (the dating of which would date it to a period between 4790 B.C. and 4460 B.C.), led archaeologists of the Superintendence for Archaeological Heritage of Liguria to assume that there was a river port at the nearby mouth of the
Bisagno stream, with a settlement behind it. Reconstructions made by historians in the second half of the 20th century, prior to these findings, had identified the first port area in the area of the "ancient port," about 1.5 km (as the crow flies) west/northwest of this possible river port. There, in the area of the eighteenth-century
portofranco (roughly today's Piazza Cavour), at the time of the first settlements at the base of the Sarzano hill (later named Mandraccio), artifacts were found spread over several layers, the oldest of which dated (through some wooden remains) between the 10th and 9th centuries BC, as well as layers containing artifacts (including many
amphorae) dated as belonging to the centuries between the 6th and 1st centuries B.C. In January 2013, during archaeological inspections carried out along the nearby Spinola Bridge as part of the work related to the expansion of the
Genoa Aquarium with a new dolphin tank, remains of vases and amphorae, both Etruscan and Roman, were found, some of them containing fruit stones, legumes and seeds. The finds, recovered at a depth of about 13 meters, would be several hundred meters from what is estimated to have been the coastline in Roman times, leading to speculation that the area was used as a sort of dumping ground by ships. As for the earliest, more developed settlements, in
pre-Roman times, it is believed that the hill of Sarzano (also known as
di Castello or
Colle del Castello, perhaps from the early medieval castle on the site, later to become the convent of San Silvestro), The findings show that as early as the 6th century B.C. the beach was a point of exchange between merchants from the Mediterranean cities that frequented the port and the inland populations. Excavations on the hill, after bombings had destroyed the convent of San Silvestro, showed that layers as much as four meters thick were present in the area, with ruins, walls and stones used in earlier construction. The construction of dwellings began around the 6th century B.C. and continued until the 2nd century B.C., while around the 4th century B.C. the area was protected with an initial enclosure of drystone walls. The top of the hill was probably flattened, and terracing was built along its sides. Until the recent discoveries in the area of Brignole and the mouth of the Bisagno River, mentioned just above, The tombs, part of which had already been looted or damaged in ancient times, each contained several urns and were, for the most part of those discovered, of a type similar to that used by the
Etruscans of northern Etruria, different from that typical of the Ligurian populations of previous centuries, probably the result of a custom adopted through immigration. Historians, based on the characteristics of the tombs found (such as the greater density of them in some areas) and the discovery of the remains of other destroyed burials, believe that those identified are only a small part of those that originally constituted the necropolis. (in 2001, during road resurfacing work for the Genoa G8) and a burial mound in the Acquasola area (in 2008, during work for the subway). The latter discovery, according to some initial analyses, could refer to settlements temporally preceding the finds found in Castello Hill, thus proving that the first settlements in this area of the city center undergoing works would predate what has been believed so far. According to a recent theory, the name "
Genoa" itself would derive from the Etruscan term "
kainua" (new city), which probably could have been employed to refer to new settlements. Finds that can be linked to the Etruscan presence also include a probable
boundary stone, containing the
Etruscan-language inscription
mi nemetiés, identified in the area of the former convent of San Silvestro and dated around the first half of the fifth century B.C. Adding to the difficulty in reconstructing this period of the city's history, there is also the fact that not even the later Latin sources (at least those that have come down to us) report information on the origin of
Genua, but merely mention it in connection with its relations with Rome.
The Roman Era In later centuries the city of Genoa would expand into the areas near the hill of Castello, but within the boundaries from present-day
Great Genoa, established in 1926, there were then settlements of other Ligurian peoples, as evidenced by the bronze Polcevera tablet from 117 BC. Records of Genoa at the time, however, are not very numerous, with the exception of those that show the city and its inhabitants engaged in the wars of the Romans, often in a position opposite to that of the other Ligurian tribes and towns. Genoa, like other Ligurian towns, was probably linked to Rome by economic and political motives as early as the 4th century BCE. During the
Second Punic War the city, regarded as
foedus aequum in Roman international politics, was destroyed by General
Mago Barca,
Hannibal's brother, in 205 BC. A few years later the propraetor
Spurius Lucretius undertook the reconstruction, probably because of the strategic importance of the city and its port, due to its location that allowed both sea access to the western Mediterranean and land access to the
Po Valley. The new post-reconstruction settlement probably had its center no longer on the hill, but in an intermediate area between it and the port, between the present Via di San Bernardo and Via di Canneto il Lungo, in the Molo
sestiere. The author and traveler Henry Aubert, in his essay Cities and People of Italy (''Villes et gens d'Italie
, published in Paris in 1923), provides a concise portrait of the historic center of a city-emporium'', defined as nothing more than a marketplace with no political importance. Aubert cannot help but quote the geographer
Strabo when the latter stated how in Genoa nothing was sold but honey, cattle, hides, wine, and oil. Aubert believed that the historic city occupied the same geographical position as the time in which he was writing, between the Lighthouse (not the
Lanterna, but the old lighthouse on the pier that illuminated the entrance to the
port in antiquity), which dates from Roman times, and the
hill of Carignano on one side, the sea and the fort called Castelletto today on the other. The writer states: He concludes: , an ancient Roman map showing the military routes of the Empire (here in a copy from the late 19th century). Genoa is marked as a supply station. In the Corvetto Square area, during construction work on some buildings (in the fall of 2011), the remains of a farm from the Roman period (2nd century BC) were found. According to early research there would also be traces of canalization, in which water taken from streams originating from the Righi area flowed, and the terrain would show the presence of terracing. After the reconstruction the city's port, and consequently the city itself, grew in importance. In 147 B.C. the Roman consul
Postumius Albinus began the construction of the
Via Postumia, which connected Genoa with
Aquileia, equipped with a river port accessible from the
Adriatic Sea. Genoa then became, during the reign of
Gaius Julius Caesar, the most important port in
Cisalpine Gaul. Finds and research in recent decades suggest that Genoa was crossed by a number of Roman roads, the route of which, however, is not certain and may have changed over time. One of the hypotheses involves the bifurcation of the road coming from the east at the height of the necropolis in the present-day Acquasola area: from there one road would have transited between the hill of Sant'Andrea and the hill of Castello, then reaching the harbor area and skirting the shore, while the second would have taken a more northerly route, through what would become the
sestieri of Portoria and Maddalena, rejoining the former in the latter and continuing towards the west. A certain regularity in the streets that make up the medieval historic center (roughly comprised between present-day Via San Lorenzo, Via
Filippo Turati, Salita Pollaioli and the hill of Castello) and the fact that even the few finds of buildings of Roman origin unearthed in the area seem to have an orientation compatible with this arrangement, has led to the assumption that a military encampment existed in the area, from whose shape the neighborhood would have developed. However, there is no firm evidence to support this hypothesis. relief depicting
Saint Syrus and some heraldic symbols, in Vico San Pietro della Porta The remains of a Roman
domus were found in the area of today's Matteotti Square (near the Ducal Palace). Excavations in the area, carried out on several occasions since 1975, identified the first use of the area in the final period of the
Roman Republic (1st century B.C.) The building, passing through numerous modifications and periods of decay, would remain in use until the 7th century. According to the findings, the area would have undergone heavy modifications in the 12th and 13th centuries, when a cemetery was created connected to the nearby church of St. Ambrose, but by that time the walls that made up the building had probably already collapsed. An epigraph dedicated to
Fortuna Redux was also found in the excavations, probably belonging to some religious building or monument that existed in the area in Roman times. A short distance from the remains of the
domus, adjacent to the corner of the church of St. Ambrose, the remains of a water pipe, made (or perhaps simply restored) in the 3rd century, After the beginning of the Christian era, some legends, taken up by medieval and Renaissance writers such as
Jacobus de Voragine and Agostino Schiaffino, have it that
St. Peter and Saints
Nazarius and Celsus passed through the city during the first century. Another legend has it that
St. Lawrence and
Pope Sixtus II stopped in the city on their way to Spain, being housed in a house located in the area of today's
Cathedral of St. Lawrence, where, after their killing, a chapel and then a church dedicated to the saint would rise. Based on archaeological findings, a stable Christian community was certainly present in the mid-3rd century and used the very area of St. Lawrence as its burial place (but the cemetery that was present was already used in Roman times), By his work, or that of his predecessor Felice, the construction of Genoa's first cathedral, initially dedicated to the
Twelve Apostles and from the sixth century to
St. Syrus himself, would be begun in the area west of the
civitas.
The early Middle Ages (
burgus), until the 9th century the cathedral of Genoa, and had numerous porticoes, which later disappeared in the renovations of the palaces that took place from the 15th century onward. Along the street and in the adjacent areas were the palaces of the Grimaldi and Spinola families. Due to some letters (dated 507 and 511) by which
Theodoric the Great granted the restoration of an old synagogue, there is information about the presence of a Jewish community in the city in the early 6th century. In 569 the
curia of Milan, ruled by Honoratus Castiglioni, fleeing from the
Lombard king Alboin, found refuge in Genoa, where it remained for about 80 years. The curia settled in the area of what is now Piazza Matteotti, building a church there, dedicated to
St. Ambrose, patron saint of Milan, which over the centuries became the present Church of Jesus and Saints Ambrose and Andrew. According to reports two centuries later by
Paul the Deacon in his
Historia Langobardorum, at the same time as the descent of the Lombards into Italy, in the 670s, Liguria was struck by a plague, which caused numerous deaths and the abandonment of cities and pastures in the countryside as the inhabitants fled: {{text and translation Between 641 and 643, the Lombard king
Rothari conquered Liguria and assaulted, among others, the city of Genoa, sacking and burning some areas of it, and probably destroying the walls already present, about whose actual existence, extent and position in this historical period, however, there is no shared opinion among scholars. According to several historians there were in fact defensive works present, predating those about whose existence there is certainty (due to visible remains or historical documentation), from the time of the earliest pre-Roman settlements, but for none of these fortifications is there certain evidence of their actual existence, eventual location and extent, or their eventual modification over time. Following the annexation to the Lombard kingdom, Bishop Forte fled the city, taking shelter with the Pope in Rome, and it would be his successor,
St. John the Good (a descendant of a noble family from the Gulf of Paradise), who brought the seat of the curia of Milan back to the city of origin, although on the date of Forte's departure from Genoa and this relocation there is no unambiguousness in the sources. are named after the ancient church of Santa Maria Maddalena, which has been present in the area since before the year 1000. It was not until the 12th century, with the construction of the
Barbarossa walls, that the area was included within the defensive walls of the urban area. After the destruction of the walls by Rothari, the expansion of ancient Genoa and the need to defend itself from the assaults of enemies, as had been the
Lombards first and the
Saracens later, would lead, starting a few centuries before the year one thousand, to the construction of
several walls, of increasingly wider radius, to protect the built-up area, which in later centuries, when not included in new defense works, would be incorporated by the built-up area itself, demolished or buried to make room for new buildings. Between 848 and 889 a first new city wall was built, partly with the financial help of the
Carolingians, equipped with four gates (Porta San Pietro, Serravalle, Castri and Soprana gates) and four towers (Castelletto, Luccoli, Castello and Friolente), encompassing an area of about 20 hectares. Francesco Maria Accinelli, a Genoese historian of the eighteenth century, reports the expansion of the city wall, with the creation of the four gates, in 925 or, as he reports, according to other sources in 935. This did not prevent the city from again falling victim, in the following decades, to assaults by Saracen forces, which in 935 managed to reach and sack even the church of San Siro. Later they would be entrusted with the
church of St. Stephen, also outside the walls, whose construction had been decided by Bishop Theodulf. In the third decade of the 10th century, the city was attacked and sacked several times by Saracen pirates (in 930, 934, who took numerous prisoners, although the Genoese fleet managed to intercept the Arab ships after the last reprisal, freeing fellow citizens captured during this last attack. It was precisely the continuous assaults that were among the reasons that, in 985, led the bishop of Genoa to transfer the episcopal see from the church of San Siro (at the time named after the
Twelve Apostles), to that of San Lorenzo, inside the then existing walls. In the mid-10th century
Berengar II of Ivrea,
King of Italy, divided the north into three marches, entrusting the one that included Genoa and eastern Liguria to
Oberto I (Marca Obertenga, later called Marca Januensis). In the struggle between Berengar and
Otto of Saxony, Marquis Oberto sided with the latter, while the city of Genoa swore allegiance to Berengar and his son
Adalbert, thus obtaining a diploma in 958 declaring the city and the possessions of its citizens independent from "
duke, marquis and count, sculdascio, dean or any other great or small person of our kingdom." These concessions allowed the city to officially, though not fully, gain a form of political independence. Prior to the construction of the city walls in the 12th century (known as the
Barbarossa walls, with a perimeter four times as large as the previous ones), three zones were distinguished in the city: the
castrum, i.e., the area of the initial settlement around Sarzano; the
ripa area, where traffic and activities related to the port took place; and finally the
burgus, outside the walls, where the first cathedral was located, the
church of San Siro, which still exists today, although it has been partially destroyed and rebuilt several times. The construction of the walls, in addition to incorporating the peripheral area of the church of San Siro into the city, also included the area (closer to the previous circle of walls) of the Basilica of
Santa Maria delle Vigne, which had risen about three centuries earlier in an area called Vigne del Re, a name that would attest to the probable presence of vineyards immediately outside the previous city center. The cultivation of vineyards and the presence of some chestnut groves, would also be confirmed by a document from 886, which describes the area as owned by the monks of St. Peter's Church, the clergymen of St. Syrus Cathedral and the family of the viscount (
vicecomes) Ydo.
The emergence of the Compagna Communis and the late Middle Ages This last period of expansion, at the turn of the early and late Middle Ages, saw the first agreements between the city's powers, which would give rise to the
Compagna Communis (
Caffaro attests its existence in 1099, but the precise year of its establishment is unknown), which would in turn be the basis on which the municipality would be born, and the elevation of the
diocese of Genoa to the rank of metropolitan archdiocese (on 20 March 1133, after Genoa's support for
Pope Innocent II against
Antipope Anacletus II). The
compagne into which Genoa was divided, corresponding to as many areas of the ancient city, documented as seven in 1130 and eight in 1134, were Castello, Maccagnana, Piazzalunga, San Lorenzo, Della Porta, Soziglia, Pré and Porta Nuova (the eighth added). Beginning in 1125 the Sottoripa arcades were built, of which, after centuries of modifications, demolitions and reconstructions, a significant section still exists on the edge of Caricamento square and Turati street. The original route of the arcade covered the route from Porta dei Vacca (a few decades after the beginning of the construction of the arcades) to the area of the new pier (today's Piazza Cavour), all within a few meters of the piers. At that time the area was filled with stores and inns that for a period also occupied the front of the arcades, making them a kind of gallery. Despite the changes that the buildings underwent, on some of the facades, immediately above the arches of the arcade, traces of the old city aqueduct are visible. Historian Federico Donaver, in his 1912
Le Vie di Genova, describes the area in medieval times as follows: As already mentioned,
Barbarossa's sights on Italy led to the construction of a new defensive wall much larger than the previous one, the construction work on which was begun in 1155 and, after a brief pause, resumed in 1158. After a few centuries, to differentiate them from the later walls, they took the common name of old walls. Initially, not all of the area within the walls was built on, as there were numerous vegetable gardens and land free of buildings owned by the various noble families and monasteries present. It was not until the following century that the urbanization of the city was completed, characterized by a geometrically more regular layout than in the older areas, and with the quarters for artisans and merchants concentrated in the outlying areas. The city was not unaffected by the clashes between
Guelphs and Ghibellines that took place from the 12th century, which intersected with the internal political rivalries of the various noble families (among the Guelph and predominant ones, called
rampini, were the Fieschi and Grimaldi families; among the Ghibelline ones, called
mascherati, were the Doria and Spinola families) and completely destroyed the
church of San Pietro in Banchi in 1398), would also affect inland and coastal towns under the control of the aforementioned noble families. Fire was one of the recurring threats to the buildings in the historic center: between the beginning of the 12th century and the middle of the 13th century, several districts were severely damaged, if not destroyed, by flames. Among the causes were the high density of buildings and the use of wood (typically chestnut), both for the interiors of houses and to raise existing stone and limestone buildings with new floors. In 1260 the
people's captain Guglielmo Boccanegra had the first nucleus of the
Palazzo San Giorgio (visible on the present rear of the palace) built in the harbor area as the seat of the municipality. Two years later, with the deposition of Boccanegra, the seat of the Municipality would be suppressed. On the sides of the palace, the piers
ponte dei legni (later
ponte della mercanzia) and
ponte del pedaggio (later
ponte reale) would later be built. With the return of the captains of the people in 1271, the Municipality would be moved to the building that formed the original nucleus of the present
Doge's Palace, then owned by Count Alberto Fieschi of
Lavagna. The
Fieschi family had sought to build a palace in the central area of the city, buying some houses from the
Dorias, buildings that were located between Piazza San Matteo and the Serravalle gate (belonging to the 9th-century walls, located next to the
Cathedral of San Lorenzo). The municipality would officially acquire the building in 1294 and would further expand and modify it in the following centuries. The title of "Ducal" would be assigned only with the beginning of the republic of
doges in 1339, the first of whom would be
Simone Boccanegra, great-grandson of the captain of the people Guglielmo and from a family of wealthy merchants, The two beacons of access to the port are visible: on the right of the image is the tower of the Greeks, located at the end of the old pier, and, on the left, the tower that overlooked the promontory then located in front of the present district of San Benigno, incorporated into the port area. The tower of the old pier, built in the mid-1820s, was reduced to half height in 1575 to allow the placement of a battery to defend the harbor. Demolished in the following centuries and replaced in the first decades of the 19th century by the "lantern," placed at the end of the pier extension built at that time, the lighthouse and end part of the pier in turn were demolished in 1929, to facilitate access to the port for large ships. The present "
Lighthouse" on the other hand, whose construction dates back to 1543, was built on the ruins of the western one, damaged by friendly fire in the 1513 clashes between
Andrea Doria and the French occupiers. During the
Battle of Meloria in August 1284, the Genoese fleet captured some 9,000 soldiers and sailors of the
republic of Pisa, locking them up in an area located in the vicinity of the walls and harbor, which to this day bears the name of the Pisan camp. The Pisan Republic did not honor the agreements made after the defeat, and a new Genoese fleet attacked and sacked the
Pisan harbor and adjoining areas in August 1290: among the items brought back home were parts of the chain that, for defensive purposes, closed the Tuscan port, broken by the Genoese, and which, divided, were displayed in some of the gates of the walls and in several churches and noble villas. The chains remained in Genoa until the approach of the
unification of Italy, when (in 1860), as a sign of appeasement, they were returned to the city of Pisa. In the second half of the 14th century, the
Alberghi were created, a union of noble families who shared both spheres of influence in the city's political and commercial life and real estate holdings found in the same areas of Genoa. In the following centuries their existence would be marked by several reforms, the result of infighting between families and the emergence of new powers. In the same period the Republic was involved in the
war of Chioggia, against its rival
Venice, a clash of fluctuating course that, although short-lived (1378–1381), would cost both maritime republics a great deal in terms of resources employed. Several buildings in the historic center incorporated architectural details that were the result of looting during the war, such as the
lions of St. Mark found on the side of the church of San Marco al Molo and on the facade of Palazzo Marcantonio Giustiniani, both from
Istrian
Pula. Between the end of the 14th and the 15th centuries, a real red-light district was created in Genoa, in the area where
Castelletto (Monte Albano) is now located, in which prostitution (previously widespread in brothels distributed haphazardly in different parts of the city, not without friction with the ecclesiastical power) was strictly regulated. The taxation from this activity was redeployed almost entirely for maintenance works and the expansion of the port. During this period (on 23 April 1407, to be precise) the
Bank of Saint George was founded, which had its headquarters in the
palace of the same name: created at the behest of the city's French governor
Jean II Le Maingre, it would remain in operation for about four centuries, until it was dissolved by
Napoleon. The initial purpose of the institution was to manage the enormous public debt of the republic, unifying the various societies that had previously taken care of it. This was a period of crisis for the republic, which would last until the early 16th century, with
doges often being the expression of foreign powers: first the Milan of the
Visconti and later the
Sforza, and
France. Foreign control over politics and constant internal struggles, however, did not put a brake on continued building growth and renovation of pre-existing areas, and in Via San Luca, then the main route from the center to the western edge of the city, the palaces of the Spinola, Grimaldi, Pinelli, and Lomellini families were built. The collapse of the Genoese population that had occurred a few years earlier due to the plague, with the related demand for new labor and commercial skills, had made it possible for Jews to obtain Genoese citizenship, albeit with severe limitations: with the establishment of the ghetto, the alleys and streets that allowed access to the area were closed off by gates, and among the obligations imposed on the population living there was that of attending masses held in the nearby churches of San Siro and delle Vigne. However, in contrast to what was happening in the same period in other cities located on Italian territory, the constant humiliation and provocation to which the Jewish population was subjected almost never resulted in explicit acts of violence. This area, popularly still called "the ghetto," is one of the most degraded in the historic center, often in the news for the widespread transsexual prostitution that takes place in its
caruggi. In the early years of the 21st century, a project to redevelop the area was financed by the municipality.
From the Renaissance to the end of the Republic of Genoa , in the 16th-century square of the same name, with part of the Branca Doria palace on the left and the Doria-Danovaro palace on the right. The original church, founded by the
Doria family, dates from 1125, but was heavily modified at first in the late 13th century and then in the mid-16th century. The staircase that gives access to the area in front of the church was built in 1935, upon completion of some restoration work on the square, in place of the two previous stairways. Several members of the Doria family had their town residences in this area. The typical façade with white (marble) and black (slate) stripes can be seen: the republic of Genoa allowed only four families (the Doria,
Spinola,
Grimaldi and
Fieschi) to have buildings in which this decoration was present on all floors and not only up to the first. The 16th century, with the rebirth of the Republic of Genoa by
Andrea Doria, was a period of strong expansion, known as "
El siglo de los Genoveses" ("The Century of the Genoese"). Symbolizing this period of growth in the Maddalena
sestiere, on behalf of some of the leading noble Genoese families of the time (Spinola, Grimaldi, Lomellini, Pallavicini, Brignole Sale and Lercari), the Strada Nuova, today's
Via Garibaldi, about 250 m long, with its stately palaces, was planned and then built, in which, starting in 1576, the
Rolli system was established. The work took about 40 years to complete: from the acquisition of the land in 1551 (construction work would start a few years later, however, in 1558) to the completion of the final paving in 1591. The construction of the "Strada Nuova" was just one of the works carried out in that period, which saw at work architects such as
Galeazzo Alessi (his works include the
Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta in Carignano, the bell tower and dome of the
cathedral of San Lorenzo and the design of Porta Siberia) or sculptors such as
Taddeo Carlone (his works include several portals of the palaces built at the time, such as that of
Palazzo Doria-Spinola). Also from the same period are the construction of the
Loggia dei Mercanti and the
church of San Pietro in Banchi (on the area occupied by the earlier church of San Pietro della Porta, which was destroyed in 1398) in the Molo district. and finished only in the mid-17th century. The following century saw the building of a new set of walls, the
Mura Nuove (built between 1626 and 1639), which was not limited like the previous ones to encircling the built-up area because of the need to encompass new areas within it, but provided for the existence of a free space between it and the new route of the walls for mainly defensive purposes. These included the
Fronti Basse on the Bisagno River. The construction of the new walls brought the area of the town included within the walls from the 197 hectares of the old walls built until the 16th century to the 903 hectares of the new structure. (1561), showing a view of the city of Genoa. Part of the
Prince's palace, built for Admiral
Andrea Doria, can be seen in the right foreground, while the dock area is evident in the center of the port arch. In the early 17th century,
Via Balbi or Balbi street (named after the Genoese noble family of the same name) was also built. Of Via Balbi the first part survives, uphill (about 400 m long), on either side of which stand important and majestic palaces (including the
Royal Palace also known as Palazzo Stefano Balbi), home to several humanities faculties and offices of the
University of Genoa and some museums; a second part, which continued toward Piazza Acquaverde (in the area where the
Genoa-Principe station is located, about 315 m long, was demolished in the mid-19th century to allow the passage of the
Turin-Genoa railway. At this time in some buildings in the harbor area, more precisely in the dock area, a mosque was built, which would remain active for about two centuries (from the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century), for the use of the slaves, merchants, artisans and intellectuals of the Islamic religion present in the city. A pillar of the original place of worship can be found in the library of the Faculty of Business and Economics, whose location, as of 1996, is the building resulting from the numerous remodeling that has taken place over the centuries on the volumes of the original building. After its establishment in the 17th century, the Jewish ghetto was also moved for a short time to the vicinity of the port, in the Molo
sestiere, and a synagogue was built there in what is now Vico Malatti. From there the ghetto would move, in 1674, to Vico dei Tessitori in an area close to the church of Sant'Agostino and the present-day Piazza delle Erbe, of which no trace remains, however, due to the Allied bombings of World War II, and was then abolished altogether in 1752. In 1652, construction began in the area of the little valley of the Carbonara stream, above the church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, of the Albergo dei Poveri. The construction of the building was overseen, on behalf of the republic, by Emanuele Brignole (who also partly financed its construction in the following years) and Doge
Oberto Della Torre. Construction had to stop almost immediately, in 1656, because of a plague, and the excavations for the foundations were used to bury the corpses of the sick. The church included in the complex, the construction of which began in April 1657, was dedicated to the Immaculate Virgin, in the hope that she would end the contagion. The first part of the building was inaugurated in 1664, but work to bring it to completion continued, with further extensions, for the next two centuries. At the end of the seventeenth century, in May 1684 to be precise, Genoa suffered a heavy bombardment by French ships, which caused a great deal of damage in the historic center (depending on the sources, from 8000 to 13000 shells reportedly fell on Genoa, destroying about 3000 buildings). Among the buildings that were destroyed and then rebuilt several decades later was also the one where, according to tradition,
Christopher Columbus supposedly lived, located in the area of the Piano di Sant'Andrea. What remains of the rebuilt building (further remodeled in the following centuries) can be seen in Vico dritto di Ponticello. Initially the city resisted foreign forces and the French ships retreated once they ran out of ammunition, but the following year the Doge
Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari had to go with some senators to
Versailles to offer the Republic's apologies to the
Sun King: a new phase of decline began for Genoa. The metamorphoses of the historic center, however, do not stop. Between 1718 and 1724 Domenico Sauli (a descendant of the family that decided to build the
Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta) financed the construction of the Carignano bridge (named after Blessed
Eugenia Ravasco), which, overhanging the area of Via Madre di Dio and Via dei Servi, united, for the first time in a direct way, the hill of Carignano with that of Sarzano. In the second half of the 18th century, the Strada Nuova was extended, with the Strada Nuovissima (today's Via Cairoli) joining the former with the area where the
Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata del Vastato is located and from there to Via Balbi. Also in the second half of the 18th century, the first system of public lighting was also planned, relating to some of the focal points of the streets in the city center: in 1772 an initial plan was drawn up, which called for the placement of 32 lanterns in as many places, mainly near intersections and squares, but it was not until 25 years later, in 1797, that a first functioning lighting system would be seen to be in place.
The contemporary era and urban expansion of the 19th century With the end of the
republic and the birth of the pro-revolutionary
Ligurian Republic in 1797, many religious buildings (convents, churches, hospitals) were suppressed and nationalized, only to be partially returned to ecclesiastical power in the following decades. Among those that remained in state use and no longer exist is the complex of San Domenico located in the area of today's Piazza De Ferrari (formerly called Piazza San Domenico, taking its name from it): run by the
friars of the same name, who in 1431, starting from the initial church of Sant'Egidio, had expanded it, making it the largest religious building in the city and dedicating it to the saint. After the enactment of laws suppressing religious orders it was first used as a warehouse and prison and then demolished during the construction of the
Carlo Felice Theater. Another notable religious complex was the convent of Sant'Andrea, in the area of the same name, a
Benedictine monastery that was assigned in 1798 to the
Scolopi fathers, and later (1810) was deconsecrated and turned into the city jail. Its acquisition and subsequent demolition, to make way for the modernization of the area with the building of the upper part of
Via XX Settembre, saw almost 30 years of bargaining (it was begun in 1876) between state and municipal institutions and the construction company, and only in 1904 was it finally torn down. The
cloister of the convent, saved at the behest of architect and archaeologist Alfredo D'Andrade, was rebuilt in the area in 1922 and can be seen in the area between the Columbus house and the towers of Porta Soprana. In 1815, with the
Congress of Vienna, the Republic of Genoa was not reconstituted, and its territory became part of the
Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early 19th century
Carlo Barabino presented numerous projects for the urban renewal of the city. Among his works is the central Acquasola Park (1825), in the space of the esplanade of the same name, on the land where the fourteenth- and sixteenth-century walls stood. The areas had been used for several centuries, first as a dumping ground for the construction work on the Via Nuova (the area was in fact called
i Müggi from the
Genoese dialect for
the piles,
the heaps), then as a mass grave for the dead of the 17th-century plague. Barabino connected the park with that of the villa, belonging to Marquis Gian Carlo Di Negro, carved out on the area where the 16th-century bastion of Luccoli stood, passing through what is now Piazza Luigi Emanuele Corvetto. Part of the park would be demolished a few years later, in 1877, precisely for the creation of the area of Piazza Corvetto and Via Assarotti. The main differences from the 1846 map are, in the upper part, the presence of the
Principe railway station (called the western station), the presence of the streets and the first buildings that would form the ring road upstream and the neighborhoods connected to it, while in the lower right corner the first buildings of what would become the Carignano neighborhood are noted. The small marine inlet, known as Seno di Giano, immediately below the oratory of Sant'Antonio Abate, where there was the characteristic Campana rock visible in earlier maps, was no longer extant. In 1835, after several changes of opinion on how to reshape the area and related plans proposed to the authorities, the Marble Terraces were built in the area of the old port, designed by architect Ignazio Gardella senior, a kind of promenade more than 400 meters long, which allowed to observe the port and the area behind it from an elevated position. Below the promenade the building housed several commercial premises. The terraces partly replaced the
Muragliette of the 16th-century walls. Their construction, divided into two sections, lasted 12 years, but their existence was very short, as the needs of the port led to their demolition, which took place in five stages between 1883 and 1886, to make room for the tracks used to transport the goods handled in the piers. The short life of the construction had always left much uncertainty about the structure and the area actually occupied by it, but excavations carried out for the restyling of the Old Port area during the
Genoa Expo '92 brought to light some of its remains and traces of the foundations, which helped confirm its actual location. A century would have to pass before new plans for the rehabilitation of the Old Port area would again hypothesize (and later realize) the presence of a promenade along the port arch. The works that led to the demolition of the terraces were part of the great revolution that affected the harbor arch between the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, including the arrival of the railroad near the old pier, the construction of canopies on the harbor bridges to shelter waiting goods from the bad weather, and the replacement of these with reinforced concrete structures after a few decades (the
Magazzini del Cotone, after the Genoa Expo '92 used as a cinema and convention center, is among the latter). In April 1849, a few days after the armistice of Vignale, the people of Genoa, partly because they had not completely abandoned their republican and independence ideas, and partly out of fear of the arrival of the Austrian army as a consequence of the armistice itself,
rose up against the Savoy government, driving out the royal guard and carabinieri present in the city. General
Alfonso La Marmora, sent by the newly reigning
Victor Emmanuel II to quell the uprising, ordered a naval bombardment, which mainly hit the Portoria district (severely damaging the Pammatone hospital) and the port, which was followed by a bloody intervention by the
bersaglieri, who indulged in destruction and gratuitous violence against the population. At the turn of the century the
Turin-Genoa railway was built, which would reach the western edge of the city with the Piazza Principe station in 1854. In the area where the initial station arose, built in a temporary building, the first permanent passenger building (by Alessandro Mazzucchetti, 1860) and its extension (by Giacomo Radini Tedeschi, 1900), and part of the 16th-century walls, including the San Michele bastion and the church of the same name. In 1855, the first Italian Commodity Exchange was established in the
Loggia dei Mercanti in Piazza Banchi, established through a decree by the head of the government
Cavour, demonstrating the city's continued importance in the economic/mercantile field. In the 1860s, a reorganization of the city's toponymy was also decided, by Giuseppe Banchero, an operation that led to the cataloguing of some 900 streets. The result of the work was the renaming of 32 streets and the introduction of 86 new toponyms, in some cases relating to newly established streets, in others relating to streets and roads without an official name. Part of the new names introduced referred to domains owned in past centuries by the Republic of Genoa or to battles won by its army. Slightly more recent than the terraces is the Mazzini Gallery, built in
Art Nouveau style in 1873, in the space obtained by the earthworks of part of the Piccapietra hill and the demolition of pre-existing buildings (including the convents of San Sebastiano and San Giuseppe and the oratory of the Casaccia di San Giacomo delle Fucine). Since the 1920s, the gallery has hosted the Genoa Book Fair. In general, in the century between the first decades of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, what was then the city of Genoa (especially the
sestieri of Portoria and San Vincenzo) underwent a major transformation, which involved the demolition of many of the old buildings, with the building of Via Assarotti (1850–1856) and Via Fieschi (1865–1870) first and
Via XX Settembre (1892–1912) and Piazza Dante (1930s) later. This expansion also led to the construction of numerous buildings in the area, overlooking the historic center, that corresponds to the
Castelletto district and the construction of the two ring roads, which effectively encircle it. Among the main works of this period, in addition to those already mentioned, include the construction of Via Carlo Felice (later to become Via XXV Aprile), in 1825, the building of the
theater of the same name, between 1826 and 1828, designed by
Carlo Barabino (the building at that time was damaged and rendered unserviceable by the bombing of World War II, the existing one dates back to 1991), the construction of the first part of the Carlo Alberto carriageway (later to become Via Antonio Gramsci) in 1835, of Piazza and Via San Lorenzo (initially the second part of the Carlo Alberto carriageway), built over a twenty-year period starting in 1835, which also involved the dismantling and reconstruction of the facades of some old buildings in the area, of Via Vittorio Emanuele II (later to become Via Filippo Turati) with the demolition of the old medieval arcade replaced by a larger one in 19th-century style, of the palace of the
Ligustian Academy of Fine Arts (built between 1826 and 1831), and finally Piazza Corvetto built at the behest of the mayor and Baron Andrea Podestà in the 1880s, where the monument dedicated to
Giuseppe Mazzini (by Pietro Costa, made in 1882) and the underlying statue dedicated to
Victor Emmanuel II (by
Francesco Barzaghi, made in 1886) were placed. These operations, often presented as necessary for reasons of hygiene and public utility, as well as for the modernization of the city, were not always welcomed by the population, which protested against the expropriations necessary for the works. Both the city's politicians and the press of the time made the opinions of the builders and the landowning citizens their own from time to time, livening up the political debate of the time. Alfredo D'Andrade, an architect and archaeologist, first director of the Regional Office for the Preservation of Monuments of Piedmont and Liguria and later also representative of the
Ministry of Education in the negotiations concerning the sale of the prisons (former Benedictine monastery) present on the hill of Sant'Andrea, for the subsequent demolition of the same, in his communications with the central government accused the City of Genoa and the private individuals interested in the construction of being driven by speculative motives, rather than by real reasons of hygiene and public utility. The walls of the
Fronti basse in 1889 were also partly demolished and used as a retaining wall for an embankment, destined to host in 1892 the exhibition and events for the fourth centenary of the discovery of America. Their presence, moreover, was perceived as an obstacle to the city's expansion to the east (the neighboring municipality of
San Francesco d'Albaro had been annexed to Genoa, along with five others, in 1874). As mentioned initially, it was during this period of major constructions, both public and private, whose works began to unearth the remains of the oldest city and destroy part of the medieval one, that historians began, albeit amid many difficulties and several missteps, to make the first attempts at non-legendary reconstructions of Genoa's origin and the location of its first settlements.
From the 20th century to the present instead of Via Giulia, the transformation of the walls and part of the Bisagno riverbed into the
place-of-arms (where Piazza della Vittoria would later be built) and Piazza Verdi, the demolition of the buildings placed on the Piano di Sant'Andrea, and the fills for the expansion of the port behind the old pier and at the base of the Grazie walls. The
Brignole railway station, called
Stazione Orientale, is also larger and closer to the Bisagno riverbed than the first station built there (in 1868). In 1907 a Department of Fine Arts, the first of its kind in Italy, was established by the municipality, initially headed by historian and archaeologist Gaetano Poggi, former mayor of
Arquata Scrivia between 1890 and 1895 and a member of an earlier commission that was to assess which Genoese buildings and monuments should be subject to special protection because of their historical value. The new council and the Superintendence of Fine Arts, in the following years, would initiate a series of restorations aimed at bringing back to view the characteristic medieval structures of the walls of some of the buildings in the historic center that had been modified, covered, and re-plastered during the Renaissance, with the aim of enhancing the older aspects of the buildings in the area. In 1926, by Royal Decree-Law No. 74 of 14 January 1926 and subsequent Royal Decree-Law No. 662 of 15 April 1926,
Great Genoa was created, uniting 19 other previously independent municipalities with the then municipality of Genoa. In 1932 a new master plan, created after a competition of ideas, and called the
Master Plan of the central areas of the city, particularly ambitious, provided for several revolutions in the road structure and in the city building style, with the demolition of part of the historic center, deemed necessary for the opening of new roads and the construction of some tunnels. in which he analyzed the situation of the old city from both a demographic point of view (with also its repercussions related to public health issues) and a transportation point of view (also publishing his own research on the distribution of various pedestrian flows along the main routes), as well as of enhancement of buildings of artistic and historical interest, to be implemented mostly through the gutting of adjacent buildings to create squares that could make them more visible and noticeable. According to Barbieri: After the
armistice of Cassibile and with the establishment of the
Italian Social Republic, part of the town's toponymy, including the center, would change, with the disappearance of the names dedicated to the
Savoy family: some of these changes would be kept even after the end of the war (for example, the Vittorio Emanuele III gallery named after
Giuseppe Garibaldi), while in some cases the names would be further changed (for example, Via Carlo Felice, which first became Via della Repubblica and after the war Via 25 Aprile). Partially damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and only partially rebuilt in the immediate postwar period, the historic center was for several decades one of the most degraded areas of Genoa, immortalized as such by songs, books, and films. In the months following the end of the conflict, the very entrance to the area was discouraged to Allied soldiers present in the city, complete with warning signs in English placed at the entrances to the alleys in Sottoripa (some still visible, though partly erased), precisely because of the dangers that the underworld and widespread prostitution could pose to those who ventured, without knowing it, into the maze of alleys and rubble. The area of the Sarzano convent, one of the most heavily damaged by the bombings, became in the immediate postwar period a refuge for homeless people and immigrants, a situation well depicted in the Oscar-winning film
The Walls of Malapaga (1949). In the following decades, a number of building interventions led to the demolition of several parts of the historic center, while new buildings sprang up on the rubble of the bombed palaces, which stand out not only for their modern style but also for their greater height compared to the surrounding buildings. and Roberto Melai. At the end of the 1960s, the area on Madre di Dio Street (where, in Passo Gattamora, there was
Niccolò Paganini's house) was demolished to allow the construction of the Centro dei Liguri executive complex. This is one of the last urbanistic changes (if not the last in absolute terms, certainly the last in importance) provided for in the 1932 master plan to actually be implemented. The Centro dei Liguri complex, built between 1972 and 1980, The area, home to the
Region of Liguria and several companies, although frequented during daytime working hours, degraded over time, a deterioration probably also facilitated by a suboptimal integration with the neighboring urban context, so much so that the small children's playground present, officially
Giardini Baltimora, is commonly called
Giardini di Plastica (Plastic Gardens). Also in the same decade, the construction of the causeway involved the demolition of some of the buildings present along the road that bordered the port, in the area of Via Gramsci, Piazza Caricamento and Piazza Cavour. in the 12th century and
church of Santa Tecla in the 13th century, part of this area of the city was again used for residential and commercial purposes, but it was not until the 16th century that intensive building of the area began. In the square, which owes its name to the open-air fruit and vegetable market there in the past, there is a marble fountain, with a
putto at its top, made in 1697 by
Domenico Parodi. The elevated road, a debated work whose possible demolition is speculated several times, running along the port arch of the city center, allows a view of part of the historic center from a panoramic position. Architect
Renzo Piano suggested in 2007, in order to take advantage of this scenic route in the event of its demolition, to replace it with an overhead monorail. In 1976 a new master plan was approved by the municipality, which, among other things, aimed to attempt to rehabilitate the area. From the 1980s onward, partly due to funding related to events such as the
1990 FIFA World Cup,
Genoa Expo '92, the 2001 Genoa G8, and Genoa European Capital of Culture in 2004, a renaissance began, leading part of the old city to be one of the most popular tourist spots in Genoa. The
subway itself has 5 of its 7 stations located in the old town area. During the various works carried out for the aforementioned events, traces of the old piers and ancient buildings have been found, but these, while bringing new information about the city's past, have almost always been covered over after being studied by the archaeologists of the superintendence and are therefore no longer visible. In the different itineraries that unravel from
Piazza De Ferrari, the heart of the center, in an urbanistically unconventional nucleus, the result of multiple modifications and renovations over the centuries, it is possible to identify the three main guiding lines that trace, with the help of the fortresses and
walls built in different centuries between the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the 19th century, the contours of an architecturally "oblique city" rich in unique and valuable elements. These directions correspond, for the oldest part, to Via San Lorenzo, which descends, crossing numerous streets, alleys (the
caruggi) and lateral
creuze, from the Piano di Sant'Andrea and
Piazza De Ferrari to the Marina and the old port. The pedestrianization of the square and the partial pedestrianization of the street, which took place in the early 21st century, make it the ideal pedestrian route for tourist flows between the port and the executive area. For the 16th–17th-century part in Via XXV Aprile, which, with the transit of Piazza delle Fontane Marose and
Via Garibaldi (the ancient Strada Nuova), leads to Piazza dell'Annunziata and the university district of
Via Balbi (home of the
Royal Palace). Finally, for the strictly medieval part, in the dense fabric of caruggi that from Piazza Campetto and the Macelli di Soziglia leads to the Church of
Santa Maria delle Vigne and the Pre-Molo-Maddalena district. After the revitalization of the area that occurred with the
Genoa Expo '92, the fulcrum around which many of the flows of commerce and tourism currently revolve is provided by the area of the old port (an area redesigned by
Renzo Piano), where the
aquarium is located, with the back of Piazza Caricamento and the Sottoripa (or Ripa) arcades. From there, around the
Bank of Saint George at which the city of merchants and dockers of the
Compagnia dei caravana was being created, one can easily reach Via Orefici and Piazza Banchi, skirting the old
Loggia della Mercanzia, site of the old Commodity Exchange, a building used for numerous events and exhibitions until 2021 and now home to an archaeological site. As for the eastern part of the historic center, after years of semi-abandonment, the relocation of the faculty of architecture to Stradone Sant'Agostino/Via Mascherona (which connects Sarzano/Castello with the
caruggi sites between Piazza delle Erbe and Via San Lorenzo) with the rehabilitation of the area of the San Silvestro convent (destroyed by bombing) and the opening of numerous restaurants and clubs from the 1990s onward, have led to a rebirth of the area and to an active and busy evening and nightlife, the so-called Genoese "
movida," which is, however, often a source of friction with part of the residents, who on several occasions have demanded and obtained from the public administration restrictive measures on the opening hours of clubs. Since 2006, the area has been reached by public transportation, via the
Sarzano/Sant'Agostino subway station. Confirming the recovery of the historic center in recent decades, or at least a substantial part of it, UNESCO declared part of the historic center a
World Heritage Site on 13 July 2006. == Landmarks and places of interest ==