Middle Ages A
fishing village arose late in the tenth century, in the originally flooded coastal area of the
English Channel south of the
Western Scheldt, when the area was held by the
Counts of Flanders, vassals of the
French Crown. About AD 960, Count
Baldwin III had a town wall erected in order to protect the settlement against
Viking raids. The surrounding wetlands were drained and cultivated by the monks of nearby
Bergues Abbey. The name
Dunkirka was first mentioned in a
tithe privilege of 27 May 1067, issued by Count
Baldwin V of Flanders. Count
Philip I (1157–1191) brought further large tracts of marshland under cultivation, laid out the first plans to build a
Canal from Dunkirk to Bergues and vested the Dunkirkers with
market rights. In the late 13th century, when the
Dampierre count
Guy of Flanders entered into the
Franco-Flemish War against his
suzerain King
Philippe IV of
France, the citizens of Dunkirk sided with the French against their count, who at first was defeated at the 1297
Battle of Furnes, but reached
de facto autonomy upon the victorious
Battle of the Golden Spurs five years later and exacted vengeance. Guy's son, Count
Robert III (1305–1322), nevertheless granted further city rights to Dunkirk; his successor Count
Louis I (1322–1346) had to face the
Peasant revolt of 1323–1328, which was crushed by King
Philippe VI of France at the 1328
Battle of Cassel, whereafter the Dunkirkers again were affected by the repressive measures of the French king. Count Louis remained a loyal vassal of the French king upon the outbreak of the
Hundred Years' War with
England in 1337, and prohibited the maritime trade, which led to another revolt by the Dunkirk citizens. After the count had been killed in the 1346
Battle of Crécy, his son and successor Count
Louis II of Flanders (1346–1384) signed a truce with the English; the trade again flourished and the port was significantly enlarged. However, in the course of the
Western Schism from 1378, English supporters of
Pope Urban VI (the Roman claimant) disembarked at Dunkirk, captured the city and flooded the surrounding estates. They were ejected by King
Charles VI of France, but left great devastations in and around the town. Upon the extinction of the Counts of Flanders with the death of Louis II in 1384, Flanders was acquired by the
Burgundian, Duke
Philip the Bold. The fortifications were again enlarged, including the construction of a belfry
daymark (a navigational aid similar to a non-illuminated lighthouse). As a strategic point, Dunkirk has always been exposed to political greed, by Duke
Robert I of Bar in 1395, by
Louis de Luxembourg in 1435 and finally by the
Austrian archduke
Maximilian I of Habsburg, who in 1477 married
Mary of Burgundy, sole heiress of late Duke
Charles the Bold. As Maximilian was the son of Emperor
Frederick III, all Flanders was immediately seized by King
Louis XI. However, the archduke defeated the French troops in 1479 at the
Battle of Guinegate. When Mary died in 1482, Maximilian retained Flanders according to the terms of the 1482
Treaty of Arras. Dunkirk, along with the rest of Flanders, was incorporated into the
Habsburg Netherlands and upon the 1581 secession of the
Seven United Netherlands, remained part of the
Southern Netherlands, which were held by
Habsburg Spain (Spanish Netherlands) as
Imperial fiefs. '' by
Eugène Isabey, 1831
Corsair base in Dunkirk, the most famous
corsair of the city The area remained much disputed between
Spain, the
Netherlands,
England and
France. At the beginning of the
Eighty Years' War, Dunkirk was briefly in the hands of the Dutch rebels, from 1577. Spanish forces under Duke
Alexander Farnese of
Parma re-established Spanish rule in 1583 and it became a base for the notorious
Dunkirkers. The Dunkirkers briefly lost their home port when the city was conquered by the French in 1646 but Spanish forces recaptured the city in 1652. In 1658, as a result of the
long war between France and Spain, it was
captured after a siege by Franco-English forces following the
battle of the Dunes. The city along with
Fort-Mardyck was awarded to England in
the peace the following year as agreed in the Franco-English alliance against Spain. The English governors were
Sir William Lockhart (1658–60),
Sir Edward Harley (1660–61) and
Lord Rutherford (1661–62). On 17 October 1662, Dunkirk was
sold to France by
Charles II of England for £320,000. The French government developed the town as a fortified port. The town's existing defences were adapted to create ten bastions. The port was expanded in the 1670s by the construction of a basin that could hold up to thirty warships with a double lock system to maintain water levels at low tide. The basin was linked to the sea by a channel dug through coastal sandbanks secured by two jetties. This work was completed by 1678. The jetties were defended a few years later by the construction of five forts, Château d'Espérance, Château Vert, Grand Risban, Château Gaillard, and Fort de Revers. An additional fort was built in 1701 called Fort Blanc. During the reign of
Louis XIV, a large number of
commerce raiders and
pirates once again made their base at Dunkirk, the most famous of whom was
Jean Bart. The main character (and possible real prisoner) in the famous novel
Man in the Iron Mask by
Alexandre Dumas was arrested at Dunkirk. The eighteenth-century Swedish privateers and pirates
Lars Gathenhielm and his wife
Ingela Hammar are known to have sold their gains in Dunkirk. As France and Great Britain became commercial and military rivals, the British grew concerned about Dunkirk being used as an invasion base to cross the English Channel. The jetties, their forts, and the port facilities were demolished in 1713 under the terms of the
Treaty of Utrecht. The
Treaty of Paris of 1763, which concluded the
Seven Years' War, included a clause restricting French rights to fortify Dunkirk. This clause was overturned in the subsequent
Treaty of Versailles of 1783.
Dunkirk in World War I Dunkirk's port was used extensively during the war by British forces who brought in dock workers from, among other places, Egypt and China. The bombardment killed nearly 600 people and wounded another 1,100, both civilian and military, while 400 buildings were destroyed and 2,400 damaged. The city's population, which had been 39,000 in 1914, reduced to fewer than 15,000 in July 1916 and 7,000 in the autumn of 1917. On 1 January 1918, the
United States Navy established a
naval air station to operate
seaplanes. The base closed shortly after the
Armistice of 11 November 1918. In October 1917, to mark the gallant behaviour of its inhabitants during the war, the City of Dunkirk was awarded the and, in 1919, the
Legion of Honour and the British
Distinguished Service Cross. These decorations now appear in the city's coat of arms.
Dunkirk in World War II Evacuation During the
Second World War 1940
Battle of France, the
British Expeditionary Force (BEF), while aiding the French and Belgian armies, were forced to retreat in the face of overpowering German Panzer attacks. Fighting in Belgium and France, the BEF and a portion of the French Army became outflanked by the Germans and retreated to the area around the port of Dunkirk. More than 400,000 soldiers were trapped in the pocket as the German Army closed in for the kill. Unexpectedly, the German Panzer attack halted for several days at a critical juncture. For years, it was assumed that
Adolf Hitler ordered the German Army to suspend the attack, favouring bombardment by the
Luftwaffe. However, according to the Official War Diary of
Army Group A, its commander,
Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt, ordered the halt to allow maintenance on his tanks, half of which were out of service, and to protect his flanks which were exposed and, he thought, vulnerable. Hitler merely validated the order several hours later. This lull gave the British and French a few days to fortify their defences. The Allied position was complicated by Belgian King
Leopold III's surrender on 27 May, which was postponed until 28 May. The gap left by the Belgian Army stretched from Ypres to Dixmude. Nevertheless,
a collapse was prevented, making it possible to launch an
evacuation by sea, across the
English Channel, codenamed Operation Dynamo.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered any ship or boat available, large or small, to collect the stranded soldiers. 338,226 men (including 123,000 French soldiers) were evacuated – the
miracle of Dunkirk, as Churchill called it. It took over 900 vessels to evacuate the BEF, with two-thirds of those rescued embarking via the harbour, and over 100,000 taken off the beaches. More than 40,000 vehicles as well as massive amounts of other military equipment and supplies were left behind. Forty thousand Allied soldiers (some who carried on fighting after the official evacuation) were captured or forced to make their own way home through a variety of routes including via neutral Spain. Many wounded who were unable to walk were abandoned.
Liberation The city of Dunkirk was again contested in 1944, with the
2nd Canadian Infantry Division attempting to liberate the city in September, as Allied forces surged northeast after their victory in the
Battle of Normandy. However, German forces refused to relinquish their control of the city, which had been converted into a fortress. To seize the now strategically insignificant town would consume too many Allied resources which were needed elsewhere. The town was by-passed masking the German garrison with Allied troops, notably the
1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade. During the
German occupation, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by Allied bombing. The artillery siege of Dunkirk was directed on the final day of the war by pilots from
No. 652 Squadron RAF, and
No. 665 Squadron RCAF. The fortress, under the command of German Admiral
Friedrich Frisius, eventually unconditionally surrendered to the commander of the Czechoslovak forces,
Brigade General Alois Liška, on 9 May 1945.
Postwar Dunkirk On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian
car carrier collided with the
Bahamian-registered
Kariba and sank off Dunkirk Harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the
English Channel. ==Population==