It is possible that an
early Christian monastic cell was founded on the island in the 6th or 7th century, and that it was dedicated to
Donnán of Eigg, an Irish saint who was martyred on
Eigg in April 617. No remains of any Christian buildings survive, though fragments of
vitrified stone (stone that has been subjected to very high temperatures) have been discovered, indicating that there was an
Iron Age or early medieval fortification on the island.
Origins of the castle In the earlier thirteenth century, during the reign of
Alexander II (ruled 1214–1249), a large curtain-wall castle (wall of
enceinte) was constructed; it enclosed much of the island. A founding legend has it that the son of a chief of the
Mathesons acquired the power to communicate with birds; as a result of this power, and after many adventures overseas, he gained wealth, power, and the respect of Alexander II, who asked him to build the castle to defend his realm. At a later date, the island became a stronghold of the
Mackenzies of Kintail, originally vassals of
William I, Earl of Ross. Traditional Mackenzie clan histories relate that Earl William sought advantage from the
Treaty of Perth of 1266, by which King
Magnus VI of Norway ceded the
Hebrides to Scotland, and demanded that his kinsman Kenneth Mackenzie return the castle to allow his expansion into the islands. Mackenzie refused, and Earl William led an assault against Eilean Donan that the Mackenzies and their allies repulsed. The Mackenzie clan histories also claim (with little, if any, supporting contemporary evidence), that
Robert the Bruce sheltered at Eilean Donan during the winter of 1306 to 1307; the castle escaped any other involvement in the
Wars of Scottish Independence. In 1331
Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, sent an officer to Eilean Donan to warn the occupants of his forthcoming visit. In preparation 50 wrongdoers were rounded up and executed, their heads being displayed on the castle walls to Moray's approval. Kenneth's young son Murdo Mackenzie supposedly evaded the Earl's attempts to eliminate him, and on the return of
David II from exile Murdo Mackenzie was allegedly confirmed in the lands of Kintail and Eilean Donan by a charter of 1362 (of which, however, no trace survives to the present day). At some point in the earlier 14th century it is thought that the Clan Macrae began to settle in Kintail as a body, having migrated from the
Beauly Firth, and there gained the trust of the Mackenzie lairds through possible kinship and an advantageous marriage. The Macraes began to act as Mackenzie's bodyguards, acquiring the soubriquet "Mackenzie's shirt of mail".
Clan feuding James I, determined to pacify the Highlands, journeyed to Inverness in 1427 and invited the principal chiefs to meet him there. Allegedly among them was the young
Alexander Mackenzie, 6th Earl of Kintail. James then arrested him, along with the other chiefs, on their arrival. Mackenzie clan histories relate that, although several chiefs were executed or imprisoned, Alexander, due to his youth, was instead sent to
Perth to attend school. Alexander's uncles attempted to seize control of Kintail, but the constable Duncan Macaulay continued to hold Eilean Donan on his behalf.
Fionnla Dubh mac Gillechriosd, considered by clan historians to be the founder of the Clan Macrae in Kintail, was dispatched to fetch the young laird back. During his lairdship Alexander appears to have supported the monarchy against the MacDonald
Lords of the Isles and was allegedly rewarded by another charter of Kintail in 1463. Alexander died in about 1488 at a great age, and was succeeded by
Kenneth Mackenzie, 7th of Kintail who won the
Battle of Blar Na Pairce against the MacDonalds. Kenneth died a few years later and was succeeded first by his eldest son, then on his death in 1497 by his second son,
John of Killin, who was still a minor. His uncle,
Hector Roy Mackenzie, attempted to usurp the Mackenzie lands and installed his own constable in Eilean Donan, Malcolm Mac Ian Charrich Macrae. Hector's lawless activities caused the Mackenzies to be branded rebels, and in 1503 the
Earl of Huntly offered to deliver Eilean Donan to the king, and to hold it on his behalf.
James IV supplied a ship to support the enterprise. Eventually, John compelled his uncle to relinquish his claim, and Hector agreed to hand over Eilean Donan. The constable refused however, and John's supporters laid siege. Malcolm Mac Ian Charrich was eventually persuaded by Hector to relinquish the castle, after which he was dismissed as constable and Christopher Macrae (Gillechriosd Mac Fionnlagh Mhic Rath) was appointed in his place in around 1511. John of Killin obtained a further charter of Kintail and Eilean Donan in 1509. In fact, only two people were in the castle: the recently appointed constable Iain Dubh
Matheson and the warden. Duncan MacGillechriosd of the Clan Macrae, son of the former constable, arrived at the start of the attack and killed several MacDonalds at the
postern gate. Arrows launched by the attackers killed Matheson and the warden, but MacGillechriosd managed to hit Donald Gorm with his last arrow, fatally wounding Gorm, and the Macdonalds retreated. Duncan MacGillechriosd expected to be appointed as the new constable but was considered too headstrong: the local clergyman John MacMhurchaidh Dhuibh (John Murchison) was appointed as a compromise between rival Macrae and Maclennan interests. Furious at this treatment, MacGillechriosd left Kintail and joined the service of
Lord Lovat, though he eventually returned to settle at
Inverinate. Meanwhile, an aggrieved Maclennan apparently shot MacMhurchaidh in the buttocks with an arrow. MacGillechriosd's son Christopher Macrae became constable of Eilean Donan in turn, and held the castle during yet another clan feud, this time between the Mackenzies and the
MacDonalds of Glengarry. Feuding broke out in 1580 and continued for almost 25 years. In around 1602 Eilean Donan was the base for a sea skirmish at the narrows of
Kyle Rhea led by Christopher's son Duncan. During the action the MacDonalds were driven on to the Cailleach Rock at the eastern tip of Skye and Angus, son of MacDonald of Glengarry, was killed. Christopher was succeeded as constable by the Rev. Murdoch Murchison, minister of Kintail.
17th century , was brought up at Eilean Donan by Rev. Farquhar Macrae
The Rev. Farquhar Macrae, son of Christopher Macrae, was born at the castle in 1580. After attending
Edinburgh University and taking holy orders, in 1618 he was appointed constable of the castle and minister of
Kintail on the death of Murdoch Murchison.
Colin Mackenzie of Kintail was created
Earl of Seaforth in 1623. He lived mainly at
Chanonry of Ross in
Fortrose, but made regular visits to Eilean Donan where the constable was required to entertain him and his retinue of between 300 and 500 retainers, as well as the neighbouring lairds. In 1635
George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth, appointed Farquhar as tutor to his six-year-old son
Kenneth, who was subsequently raised at Eilean Donan. In the
civil wars of the mid-17th century, the Earl of Seaforth sided with
Charles I. In 1650, after the king's execution, the
Parliament of Scotland ordered a garrison to Eilean Donan. The local people did not welcome the garrison. When a party of 30 soldiers came out from the castle to request provisions from the local people, a band of 10 men who opposed their demands met the occupiers. An argument broke out, which led to the garrison men being driven off with several casualties. Shortly thereafter the garrison departed. The following year the Earl's brother, Simon Mackenzie of Lochslin, gathered troops for the royalist cause around Eilean Donan. For reasons unrecorded, he fell out with Farquhar Macrae and demanded his removal from the castle. Farquhar initially resisted, and despite interventions by the young Kenneth, had to be marched out by Lochslin and
George Mackenzie (later Earl of Cromartie). He was finally persuaded to leave without violence, stating that he was too old to dwell in the cold castle. Farquhar was thus the last constable to dwell in Eilean Donan until its reconstruction, although he retained the ministry of Kintail until his death in 1662, at the age of 82. After this time, the castle was briefly occupied by the
Earl of Balcarres and his wife, who were in the Highlands in support of the
Earl of Glencairn's royalist uprising, although Balcarres later disagreed with Glencairn and departed. In June 1654
General Monck,
Oliver Cromwell's military governor in Scotland, marched through Kintail while suppressing the uprising. His troops destroyed much property, and stole 360 of Farquhar Macrae's cattle, though only one man was killed.
Jacobite rising and destruction of the castle In 1689,
King James VII of the House of Stuart was declared to have to forfeit the throne, and the crown was offered to
William of Orange, in the so-called "
Glorious Revolution". The revolution also established
Presbyterianism in Scotland, although the Highlands generally remained
Roman Catholic and loyal to the Stuarts. A series of
Jacobite risings followed, leading to an increased military presence in Scotland as government forces attempted to penetrate and subdue the Highlands. In 1714 while surveying fortifications for the government, the military engineer Lewis Petit made the only surviving drawing of Eilean Donan. The sketch-elevation and carefully drawn plan show a dilapidated castle, largely roofless but for a small building by the entrance. A major Jacobite uprising took place in
1715. Led by
the Earl of Mar, it was an attempt to restore the exiled
James Stuart, the "Old Pretender", to the throne.
William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, joined the Jacobite army, leading out men of the Clan Mackenzie and Clan Macrae. The Macraes mustered at Eilean Donan, and are said to have danced on the roof of the castle before setting out to the
Battle of Sheriffmuir where 58 Macraes were among the Jacobite dead. The battle was indecisive and the rising collapsed soon after. Following the failure of the rising of 1715, the Jacobites found new support from Spain, now opposing both Britain and France in the
War of the Quadruple Alliance. The
Duke of Ormonde led the main invasion fleet from Spain, while an advance party of 300 Spanish soldiers under
George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal, arrived in
Loch Duich in April 1719, and occupied Eilean Donan Castle. The expected uprising of Highlanders did not occur, and the main Spanish invasion force never arrived. At the beginning of May, the
Royal Navy sent ships to the area. Early in the morning on Sunday 10 May 1719 , and anchored off Eilean Donan and sent a boat ashore under a flag of truce to negotiate. When the Spanish soldiers in the castle fired at the boat, it was recalled and all three frigates opened fire on the castle for an hour or more. The next day the bombardment continued while a landing party was prepared. In the evening under the cover of an intense cannonade, a detachment went ashore in the ships' boats and captured the castle against little resistance. According to
Worcesters log, in the castle were "an Irishman, a captain, a Spanish lieutenant, a serjeant, one Scottish rebel and 39 Spanish soldiers, 343 barrels of powder and 52 barrels of musquet shot." The naval force spent the next two days in the castle and landed 27 barrels of gunpowder. The frigates' official logs are curiously worded, perhaps to conceal the reputed fact that the Macraes succeeded in destroying the castle although in naval hands, in order to prevent the English from garrisoning it: at all events, the castle was demolished by the gunpowder exploding.
Flamborough then took the Spanish prisoners to
Edinburgh. The remaining Spanish troops were defeated on 10 June at the
Battle of Glen Shiel.
Restoration and reuse Between 1919 and 1932, the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col.
John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Macrae-Gilstrap also established a war memorial dedicated to the men of the MacRae clan who died in the First World War. The memorial is adorned with lines from
John McCrae's poem "
In Flanders Fields", and is flanked by grey
field guns from the war. Eilean Donan was opened to the public in 1955, and has since become a popular attraction: over 314,000 people visited in 2009, making it the third-most-visited castle in Scotland. In 1983 ownership of the castle was transferred to the Conchra Charitable Trust, established by the Macrae family to maintain and restore the castle, and a purpose-built visitor centre was opened on the landward side of the bridge in 1998. The castle is regularly described as one of the most photographed monuments in Scotland, and is a recognised Scottish icon, frequently appearing on packaging and advertising for shortbread, whisky and other products. Eilean Donan has made several appearances in films, beginning with
Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1948 and
The Master of Ballantrae in 1953. It featured in the opening episode of the 1976 TV series,
The New Avengers. The castle was the setting for the 1980 short film
Black Angel, filmed to accompany screenings of
The Empire Strikes Back in cinemas. In 1984,
Scottish singer and composer
Jesse Rae filmed his
music video "Over The Sea" at the location. It featured prominently in
Highlander (1986) as the home of
Clan MacLeod. It also featured prominently in
Mio in the Land of Faraway (1987) as the home of the antagonist Kato, played by
Christopher Lee. It was the backdrop to a dance scene in the
Bollywood movie
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai in 1998. In 1999, it served as the Scottish headquarters of MI6 in
The World Is Not Enough. In the movie
Made of Honor Eilean Donan can be seen as home of the groom's family. ==Architectural development==