Fairmile B motor launch

While the Type A motor launch had been designed entirely for Fairmile by architect Norman Hart, the Type B design had come from Bill Holt, head of the Admiralty's DNC Boat Section. The hard-chine hull of the Type A had exhibited seakeeping and handling limitations, but Holt's round-bilged design for the Type B was found to be a far more seaworthy form. Like all Fairmile boats, production of the Type B was based on total prefabrication so individual components could be contracted out to small factories for production and these arranged as kits that would be delivered in stages to various boatyards for assembly & fitting out on a 'just-in-time' basis. Accordingly, the detailed design work for the Type B was taken on by Fairmile and modified to suit their kit fabrication principle - they then also handled production of component parts. Altogether approximately 650 boats were built between 1940 and 1945. Like the Type As, the Type Bs were initially intended as submarine chasers, so the boats were fitted with ASDIC (sonar) as standard. Their main armament initially reflected their anti-submarine focus, with 12 depth charges, a single QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun forward, and one set of twin 0.303-in Lewis or GO machine guns (frequently increased in number by the crew); early boats often received a Holman projector amidships. A common upgrade to gun armament by 1942–43 in many early boats was to add an aft bandstand mounting for either a 2-pdr Rolls gun or a 20mm Oerlikon cannon. The specifications given are for the original 1940 British version. As the war moved on, the vessels were adapted to other roles and the armament was modified and upgraded such as the replacement of the 3-pounder with one or more 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and removal of the ASDIC dome for more clearance as minesweepers. Some boats were configured as motor torpedo boats. ==Boats==

The Fairmile B type superseded the original Fairmile A type, which had been designed by Norman Hart. First batch (September 1939 orders) An initial batch of 24 of these (ML 101 to ML 124) was ordered by the Admiralty as part of its first emergency war programme on 22 September 1939 from the Fairmile Marine company, of which the first eleven (plus the prototype ML 100) were completed to the Hart design (see Fairmile A motor launch); the remaining thirteen (ML 112 to ML 124) were completed to the new Fairmile B design. The first Fairmile B motor launch (actually ML 113 from Tough Bros, Teddington) was completed and delivered on 12 August 1940, with a further eleven from this first production batch entering service before the end of the year (the last of the batch to be completed - ML 123 - was delayed until 1941). Second batch (January 1940 orders) The Admiralty placed a massive order for a second batch of Fairmile Bs - 120 vessels in total - on 8 January 1940. These were numbered ML 125 to ML 244. Of these, 37 were delivered by the end of 1940, another 77 during the first half of 1941, and the last 6 during the second half of 1941. Third batch (May 1940 orders) An order for a third batch, this time of 65 boats, was placed on 21 May 1940; these were numbered ML 245 to ML 309, and were all delivered during 1941, as were two extra units (ML 310 and ML 311) ordered on 28 June 1940 for Singapore to be assembled by the Singapore Harbour Board; this last pair were delivered to Singapore on 29 November 1941, only to be lost in February 1942 to the Japanese (who re-used ML 310 under the name Suikei 12). Fourth batch (August 1940 orders) The fourth batch of 24 boats was ordered on 28 July 1940 as ML 312 to ML 335. However, these were altered to be completed instead as Motor Gunboats, re-classed as Fairmile C motor gun boats, and the prefixes to their numbers changed from "ML" to "MGB", retaining the same numbers. In their place, a new batch of 120 Fairmile B boats was ordered under the 1940 Supplemental Programme, 76 to be assembled in the UK and 44 abroad. Most were ordered on 21 August, with 6 further boats ordered 6 days later; these became ML 336 to ML 455. The first 12 (ML 336 to ML 347) were for assembly in UK boatyards, the next 14 (ML 348 to ML 361) for assembly at Cairo, the next four for assembly by the Singapore Harbour Board (ML 362 to ML 365), two for assembly at Dar es Salaam (ML 366 and ML 367), two at Bermuda for the Royal Canadian Navy (ML 368 and ML 369), two in Jamaica for Caribbean service (ML 370 and ML 371, also on 27 August), four at Singapore (ML 372 to ML 377, although four of these were destroyed on the stocks in January 1942, while the last pair was switched to Bombay Dockyard on 22 February 1942 following the fall of Singapore). Thirty-two units (ML 392 to ML 423 ) were ordered for Commonwealth forces, for assembly overseas. Eight units were ordered as ML 392 to ML 399 on 12 August 1941 for assembly in Canada (although these were all passed on to the United States Navy); twenty more units were ordered on 4 September 1941, twelve for assembly in New Zealand boatyards for the Royal New Zealand Navy (ML 400 to ML 411) and eight for assembly in Indian boatyards for the Royal Indian Navy (ML 412 to ML 419); and four more were ordered for assembly in Singapore, of which two (ML 420 and ML 421) were re-ordered on 12 January 1942, and two (ML 422 and ML 423) were re-ordered on 28 November 1941. Fifth batch (1941 Programme orders) Forty boats were ordered on 27 August 1941. The first twenty-three of these (ML 478 to ML 500) were for the Royal Navy, while seventeen (RML 511 to RML 527) were rescue launches for the Royal Air Force (the numbers 501 to 510 were allocated to large MTBs). An additional forty-eight boats were ordered on 28 November 1941 under a 1941 Supplementary Programme. Twenty-six of these were rescue launches for the RAF (RML 528 to RML 553) while another twenty-two boats (ML 554 to ML 575) were also ordered for the Navy. Sixth batch (1942 orders) Further batches followed, producing ML 576 onwards, many assembled in Overseas yards, with a final total of about 650 boats of this Type eventually assembly worldwide, including 60 in Canada. Twenty-five more boats (ML 576 to ML 600) were ordered on 18 May 1942. All boats were essentially the same, although they could be adapted to serve in several roles by the expedient of having pre-drilled rails on their decks spaced to allow the fitting of various types of armaments. Although their armament initially reflected their main anti-submarine mission, nine of them were fitted with torpedo tubes taken from ex-US Town-class destroyers; they formed the 2nd ML Flotilla tasked with anti-invasion duty, until the threat had passed. ==Service==

During the Siege of Malta, they were used to sweep a narrow channel ahead of heavier minesweepers which widened the channel. The heavier minesweepers were initially the remnants of the Malta trawler force, then fleet minesweepers that arrived with a convoy from Gibraltar. The launches were able to pass over the mines whereas many trawler losses had been caused by the leading ship hitting a mine. A number served in the St Nazaire Raid as assault transports, but their light construction meant that they suffered heavily; 12 B motor launches were lost in the action, out of 16 deployed. During the Normandy landings a number of MLs were designated as navigation launches. These motor launches guided the landing craft onto the correct beaches. For this task the craft were fitted with splinter mats at the front for added protection. An Oerlikon 20 mm cannon was fitted amidships and a Bofors 40 mm gun was installed at the stern. Smoke canister apparatus was installed at the rear of the craft and the number of depth charges was reduced. See main picture above of ML303 in this configuration. Many were built as rescue motor launches with small sickbays aft of the engine room coaming, and classified as RML (rescue motor launch). These were numbered in the series RML492 to RML500, and RML511 to RML553. Several more were converted to use as War Office ambulance launches with larger sickbays. File:HMC ML Q050.jpg|HMC ML Q055 1941. Large black flag indicates ASDIC contact. File:Fairmail B ML303.jpg| British ML303 during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day File:HMC ML Q055.jpg|HMC ML Q055 1941 ==British Colonial or Commonwealth-built Fairmile B motor launches==

Canadian built Fairmiles Originally designed for the Royal Navy (RN) by W.J. Holt of the Admiralty and built by British boat builder Fairmile Marine, during the Second World War, 88 Fairmile B motor launches, with slight modifications for Canadian climatic and operational conditions, were built in Canada for service with the RCN in home waters. The first thirty-six Canadian Fairmile B type were designated and painted up as CML 01 to 36 (coastal motor launch). Eight Canadian Fairmiles (Q392 – Q399) were built by Le Blanc for the RN and were transferred under Lend-Lease to the US Navy. The US Navy used the Canadian-built Fairmiles as submarine chasers (SC1466–1473). Other British Colonial or Commonwealth built Fairmiles At least two (ML 368 and ML 369) were built in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, home to the base, dockyard and Admiralty house of the America and West Indies Station, by what was to become Burland, Conyers & Marirea, Ltd. New Zealand ordered twelve boats on 4 September 1941, for assembly from the Fairmile kits by four boat builders in Auckland, of which the first two (MTB 403 and MTB 400) were delivered in October and November 1942 respectively and the following ten (MTB 401, MTB 402, and MTB 404 to MTB 411) during 1943. These were used in New Zealand waters and around the Solomon Islands, and included and (Kahu (II). All were sold in 1947 except for MTB 411 (which became Kahu [II]). In Australia 35 boats entered service from October 1942. They were employed on routine patrols, convoy escorts, running special forces in and out of Japanese-held areas, in Papua New Guinea, boom defence patrols in harbours at home and abroad, courier operations, survey work and raiding Japanese-held coasts. Of note the surrender of Japanese forces in the South West Pacific. On 10 September 1945, Rear-Admiral S. Sato, commanding officer of Kairiru and Muschu Islands, New Guinea, surrendered the Japanese forces on the islands to Major-General H. C. H. Robertson, commander of the 6th Division on board ML 805. At least six boats (ML380–383, 829 and 846) were built by South Africa and commissioned during November 1942. These were sent as the 49th Fairmile Flotilla (SANF) to Burma and deployed along the Arakan coast. The boats saw much action in support of ground forces and disrupting Japanese supply lines. The Imperial Japanese Navy salvaged two that had been sunk and placed them in service. A number of boats were built in Egypt by Thomas Cook & Son, who had a Cairo shipyard for constructing Nile tourist craft. Armament was fitted in Port Said. The first three to enter service in 1942 were ML 355, 353 and 348. Post war they were often taken on as pleasure boats and a number of Fairmile Bs are on the National Register of Historic Vessels. Fourteen Fairmile B were operated by the Italian Guardia di Finanza naval service, between 1947 and the 1980s. ==Surviving examples==

Four currently survive in the United Kingdom, two of which are in excellent condition. One is RML497. Many others of the type are known to survive around the world, some still in commercial service as tour boats. File:MV Western Lady (34940266270).jpg| File:HMNZS Kahu I P-3571.JPG| File:MV The Fairmile at her mooring in Brixham in 2009.jpg| Surviving Fairmile B, RML497 at Brixham in England, prior to restoration to her wartime appearance ==See also==