Tongatapu

The island is (or including neighbouring islands) and rather flat, as it is built of coral limestone. The island is covered with thick fertile soil consisting of volcanic ash from neighbouring volcanoes. At the steep coast of the south, heights reach an average of , and maximum , gradually decreasing towards the north. North of the island are many small isolated islands and coral reefs which extend up to from Tongatapu's shores. The almost completely closed Fanga'uta and Fangakakau Lagoons are important breeding grounds for birds and fish as they live within the mangroves growing around the lagoon's shores. The lagoons were declared a Natural Reserve in 1974 by the government. ==Climate==

Tongatapu has a cooler climate than the rest of Tonga because it is the southernmost island group in the country. Consequently, fruit production is lower in Tongatapu than in the warmer northern islands. ==History==

People of the Lapita culture Tongatapu is known as having one of the highest concentration of archaeological remains in the Pacific. The earliest traces of Lapita pottery found in Tonga was from around 900–850 BC, 300 years after the first settlements in Tonga were established. Archaeologist David Burley discovered the pottery around the Fanga'uta Lagoon, away from the Lapita pottery found at Santa Cruz in the Solomon Islands. Tonga was always the seat of the Tui Tonga Empire, but in an area of distances up to , it was often only a symbolic rule. From the first capital at Toloa, around 1000 years ago, to the second capital at Heketā, at the site of the Haamonga a Maui Trilithon, none boasts more traditional attractions than the third capital at Mua (from 1220–1851) with more than 20 royal grave mounds. Europeans Tongatapu was first sighted by Europeans on 20 January 1643 by Abel Tasman commanding two ships, the Heemskerck and the Zeehaen commissioned by the Dutch East India Company of Batavia (Jakarta). The expedition's goals were to chart the unknown southern and eastern seas and to find a possible passage through the South Pacific and Indian Ocean providing a faster route to Chile. The expedition set sail from Batavia on 14 August 1642. Tasman named the island "t’ Eijlandt Amsterdam" (Amsterdam Island), because of its abundance of supplies. This name is no longer used except by historians. Commander James Cook, sailing the British vessel Resolution visited the island on October 2, 1773 by some accounts and by other accounts October 1774, returning again in 1777, with Omai, whereupon they left some cattle for breeding. These were still flourishing in 1789 when Bounty, under Fletcher Christian visited. The earliest mention of the name Tongatapu (spelled "Tongataboo" in the text) was by James Cook in 1777, as he wrote his memoirs for the Three Voyages Around the World, Volume 1. British and American whalers were regular visitors to the island for provisions, water and wood. The first on record was the Hope, in April–May 1807. The last known to have called was the Albatross in November–December 1899. {{Historical populations ==Main sights==

• Nukualofa – Capital of Tonga • Mua – Second largest town in Tongatapu. Site of the ancient burial mounds and the Papae 'o Tele'a Tombs. • Langi – Tombs of Tongan kings • Hule fortress – Located in Nukunuku - Kolotau Ko Hule - Western District of Tongatapu • Mapu a Vaea – Blowholes in the coral reef on the south-western side • Hūfangalupe – Natural landbridge on the south eastern side of Tongatapu • Pangaimotu – Small resort island close to Nukualofa • Landing site of Captain Cook • Flying Fox Preserve – Located in Kolovai in the western side Taungapeka • Haamonga a Maui – Trilithon • Nukuleka – possibly the site of first Lapita settlement in Tonga • Tupou College – first educational establishment in the kingdom located in the eastern district of Tongatapu near Malapo ==See also==