The French suited pack has spawned many regional variations known as standard patterns based on their artwork and deck size. The Paris pattern was heavily exported throughout continental Europe which is why most French-suited patterns share a similar appearance. The English pattern, based on the extinct Rouennais pattern, is the most well known pattern in the world. It is also called the International or Anglo-American pattern. Patterns do not factor in
Jokers, which came about in the early 20th century. Almost all 52-card packs produced in the present will contain at least two jokers, sometimes more. In Germany, packs produced for the game of
Zwicker have six jokers.
Paris pattern {{Multiple image| The Paris pattern came to dominate in France around 1780 and became known as the . From the 19th century to 1945, the appearance of the cards used for domestic consumption was regulated by the French government. All cards were produced on watermarked paper made by the state to show payment of the
stamp tax. The most common deck sold in France is the 32-card deck with the 2 to 6 removed and 1s as the index for aces. 52-card packs are also popular. The French have a unique habit of associating their face cards with historical or mythical personages which survives only in the
portrait officiel.
Belgian-Genoese pattern The Belgian-Genoese pattern is very similar to its Parisian parent and is basically an export version not subject to France's domestic stamp tax. Hence they lack the usual French court card names such as Alexander, Judith and Lancelot. Other differences from the
portrait officiel are that: the jack of clubs has a triangular shield bearing the coat of arms of the former
Spanish Netherlands (this is the main distinguishing feature); blue is usually replaced with green in the portraits and the diagonal dividing line lacks the beads. When the
Ottoman Empire relaxed the ban against playing cards, Belgian type cards flooded their territory and are now found throughout the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East. They are also commonly found in France's former colonies. Within Belgium, the Francophone
Walloons are the primary users of this pattern, while the
Flemish prefer the Dutch pattern. This is the second most common pattern in the world after the English pattern. Belgian packs come in either 32 or 52 cards as they do in France. It was named the Belgian-Genoese pattern because of its popularity in both places and is the national pattern of Belgium. Genoese type cards are identical to Belgian ones and often lack corner indices. They come in 36 (lacking 2s to 5s), 40 (lacking 8s to 10s) or 52-card packs.
Piedmontese pattern The Piedmontese pattern is similar to the Genoese packs but its face cards have a horizontal instead of diagonal dividing line and the aces are found in a decorative garland. They also come in the same number of cards as Genoese ones. The Piedmontese pattern was once used in neighboring
Savoy as both were
previously united until France annexed the latter in 1860. A 78-card tarot version of the Piedmontese pattern, complete with knights,
the fool, a suit of
trumps depicting flowers, and corner indices, was printed in 1902 for Savoyard players. It was discontinued some time after 1910 but reproductions have been in print since 1984. The
Chambéry rules that come with the deck are similar to Piedmontese tarot games but the ace ranked between the jack and the 10 like in
Triomphe. Another playing card deck named after Piedmont is the Italian-suited
Tarocco Piemontese, used in
Tarot card games.
Bavarian derivatives A Parisian variant appeared in Bavaria in the mid-18th century where the king of diamonds wore a
turban. This originates from the
German-suited Old Bavarian pattern. The king of spades, who represents David in the older decks, does not hold a harp. This group is closely associated with
animal tarots.
Russian pattern The Russian pattern created during the early 19th-century is based on a Baltic version of a Bavarian derivative. The current appearance was finalized by
Adolf Charlemagne. It usually contains 52 or 36 cards, the latter lacking ranks 2 to 5. The stripped deck is used to play
Durak. They can be found in many countries that were once part of the
Russian Empire or
Soviet Union.
Adler Cego Adler-Cego is the last remaining
animal tarot and is used in Germany's
Black Forest to play
Cego. The courts are based on a Frankfurt version of a Bavarian derivative. It is sold with 54 cards; the 5 to 10 of the red suits and the 1 to 6 of the black suits are removed. Real and fictional animals are displayed on the trump suit. Trumps have a pink panel in each end with an Arabic numeral to show its rank.
Industrie und Glück The Industrie und Glück ("Diligence and Fortune")
tarock deck of Central Europe uses Roman numerals for the trumps. It is organized in the same manner as the Adler-Cego decks. Its trumps feature a newer pattern of more mundane scenes, such as depictions of rural life, than the traditional allegorical motifs found in Italian tarocchi decks. The turban wearing king is now in the suit of spades.
Hamburg pattern and derivatives French-suited cards are popular in Central Europe and compete very well against local
German-suited playing cards.
Hamburg was once a major card-producing hub where makers began revising the Paris pattern to create the
Hamburg pattern. Early examples were made by Suhr (1814–28) in Hamburg itself, while other manufacturers of the pattern were based elsewhere in the German Empire, in Austria, Belgium, France, Sweden and Switzerland. The Hamburg cards generated a family of similar patterns, all of which have the King of Spades holding David's harp, with the other hand holding a sceptre. The
North-German pattern was created in Stralsund from a Hamburg derivative. It is familiarly known as the
Berlin pattern, although this name arose from a misunderstanding about the origin of the cards which were formerly labelled as
Berliner Spielkarten based on a finishing process used by that company. The crownless queens' hairstyles reflect the
Biedermeier fashions of the day. They are usually in decks of 32 cards with the twos to sixes missing since
skat, Germany's most popular card game, does not require a full deck. Decks of 36 cards (with the sixes) are for
jass and
tapp, a game played in
Baden-Württemberg. Decks of 52 cards usually include three jokers but
Zwickern decks have six jokers. The
French-Swiss pattern shares the same descent from the North-German pattern's Hamburg parent but their most distinguishing characteristic is that instead of having corner indices, white Arabic numerals are found within the pips closest to the corner. French-Swiss cards come only in decks of 36 with no ranks from two to five. The
Modern Portuguese pattern is a Parisian derivative from Germany. When it arrived in Portugal, the kings and jacks in hearts and diamonds swapped suits. The composition consists of 52 cards or until recently 40 cards. The latter had an unusual ranking (ace, king, jack, queen, eight, six–two). The jack ranking higher than the queen comes from the older
Portuguese-suited games where a female knave was outranked by the
knight. They also use French-language indices. The
Dutch pattern originates from Germany and shares the same parent as the Modern Portuguese pattern, but with different queens, and has been produced for the Netherlands by Belgian card makers since the 19th century. It has rarely been produced in the Netherlands itself. Its most distinguishing feature are scenic aces. Also found in
Flanders, they come in decks of 32 (no twos to sixes) or 52 cards. The
Trente et Quarante pattern is named after the game it is associated with. Unlike other patterns, it is usually found only in casinos. Although of German origin, this pattern is now produced only in Italy. They consist of 52 cards and no indices.
Dondorf Rhineland pattern Around 1870,
Dondorf of
Frankfurt produced the
Rhineland pattern. The kings have very thick beards. They have fallen out of popularity in Germany but are very common in Poland, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the
Baltic states. They come in decks of 24 (no 2s to 8s), 32 (no 2s to 6s), or 52 cards, the latter of which may have up to three jokers in some countries.
Nordic pattern In 1895, Dondorf produced a deck on behalf of Adolph Wulff of Denmark. The king of diamonds holds an orb while the other kings hold scepters. Many of the court designs were altered or swapped for the Swedish market. Presently, this pattern is printed only by
Piatnik of Austria for export to Finland, which is why it is also known as the
Finnish pattern. It is an amalgam of the original Dondorf and revised Swedish designs with the court indices numbered from 11 to 13. It comes in 52-card decks with three jokers.
Bourgeois Tarot The Bourgeois Tarot was designed by
C.L. Wüst of Frankfurt in the mid-19th century. It is popular in Francophone Europe and Quebec and is also used in Denmark to play tarot games that require the full 78-card deck. Like the
Industrie und Glück, the trumps depict genre scenes but modern editions use Arabic numerals instead of Roman ones. A 54-card version with different trump designs is used in
Baden to play
Cego.
Modern Swedish pattern Swedes used to use Bavarian-derived patterns. In the early 20th century, the firm
Öberg & Son invented a new pattern unrelated to the old ones. This pattern has spread to neighboring Finland. The clothing for the figures in the court cards are color coordinated; green for spades, red for hearts, purple for clubs, and blue for diamonds. They are used in the standard 52-card format.
English pattern Card makers from
Rouen began exporting to England around 1480. According to
David Parlett, Latin-suited cards must have already been circulating in England since there is evidence of playing cards there from at least the 1450s and French suits were invented sometime after 1470. This would then explain why the English renamed French suits to the Latin ones with which they were familiar. Hence the clovers were called clubs and pikes were named after the swords (
spade). The English started producing their own cards a century later. In 1628, the importation of foreign playing cards was banned to protect local manufacturers. English cardmakers produced lower-quality cards than their continental counterparts, leading to the loss of detail from the Rouennais pattern. The English pattern is the result of
Charles Goodall and Son's reworking of the old Rouen pattern during the 19th century. The majority of decks sold in this pattern is the
52-card deck. One deck invented in the United States but more commonly found in Australia and New Zealand contains 11s, 12s, and red 13s to play the six-handed version of the
Euchre variant
500. In the late nineteenth century, they were also used for variants of
draw poker and
royal cassino. Decks marketed for
Canasta often have card point values printed on the cards.
Vienna pattern Lyon was a major card exporter to German-speaking countries from the late 16th through the 18th centuries. While the Lyonnais pattern died out in most places, it survived in Austria and the Czech Republic and its modern incarnation is the Vienna pattern. Five types are recorded by the
International Playing Card Society, all of them double-headed. Type A, also called the 'Large Crown' version of the pattern, emerged in the early 1800s and was based on the double-headed, Lyons export pattern, but with the crowns of the kings truncated by the frames of the cards, and no discernible dividing line. The court figures are highly ornamented. Today's version by
Piatnik is based on an 1885 Type A design by Neumayer. Type C was the earliest of three Vienna pattern types that were around at the turn of the 19th century. It originated in
Sopron and
Saxony and went on to become the standard pattern in
Bohemia before giving way in the mid-19th century to Type D, also called the 'Small Crown' version of the Vienna pattern, since the crowns of the kings are visible in their entirety within the card frame. Type E appeared in the 1860s and, again, the crowns are partially cut off by the frames of the cards. It appears to have died out in the 1960s. Today the Vienna pattern in Austria comes in pack of 24 (lacking the 2s to 8s), 32 (lacking 2s to 6s), or 52 cards, the last with corner indices and three jokers.
Lombard pattern The Lombard or Milanese pattern come in 40-card decks that is missing the 8s, 9s, and 10s and lack corner indices. The Lombard decks exported to
Swiss Italian regions contain corner indices and also labels the ranks of the face cards. It is probably derived from the Lyonnais pattern and its offshoot, the extinct Provence pattern.
Tuscan pattern The Tuscan or Florentine pattern, dating from the mid-19th century, is the only French-suited deck that is not reversible in the present. Cards measure 58 × 88 mm but the
Toscane Grandi by
Modiano are 67 × 101 mm large. It has the same composition of cards as the Lombard pattern. There was another pattern called "Tuscan" but it has ceased printing since the 1980s.
Baronesse pattern Dondorf of Frankfurt produced this pattern around 1900 and, today, it is used in
Patience decks by many companies worldwide. The court cards are dressed in
rococo period costumes and wear powdered wigs. The Kings are crowned and carry state regalia or, in the case of the King of Hearts, a pair of spectacles. The Queens, also crowned, sport jewellery; the Queen of Spades coquettishly brandishes a folding fan and the Queen of Diamonds a peacock feather fan. The Jacks are young gentlemen with tricorn hats. The Jack of Hearts carries a sword and the Jack of Spades a cane. The backs usually have ornate, often floral, designs. They were made by
ASS Altenburger (as "Baronesse"), by
VEB Altenburger (as "Rokoko") and
Coeur in the past. The earliest examples had no corner indices; they appeared from about 1906 onwards. Since 1914,
Piatnik have produced a derivative pattern for several of their patience packs that are referred to as Rococo playing cards. ==See also==