Family and education , Kellner birthplace Kellner was born in
Vaihingen an der Enz, a town on the
Enz River in southern
Germany. At the time of his birth, Vaihingen was part of the
Kingdom of Württemberg in the
German Empire. Kellner was the
only child of Georg Friedrich Kellner, a baker and confectioner from the town of
Arnstadt in
Thuringia, and Barbara Wilhelmine Vaigle from
Bietigheim-Bissingen near
Ludwigsburg. The Kellner family could trace its beginnings to when the
Protestant reformer
Martin Luther lived and preached not far from Arnstadt. The Kellners were
Evangelical Lutherans. When Friedrich Kellner was four years old, his family moved to
Mainz where his father became the master baker at Goebel's Confectionery (
Goebels Zuckerwerk). After completing
Volksschule, primary school, Kellner had a nine-year course of non-classical study in the
Oberrealschule in Mainz. In 1902 he completed his final exams at Goetheschule, which qualified him for an apprenticeship in courthouse administration. In 1903 he started work as a junior clerk in the Mainz courthouse, remaining there until 1933. He advanced in the administrative ranks to justice secretary, then to court accountant, and in April 1920 to justice inspector.
Military service and marriage From September 1907 to October 1908, Kellner fulfilled his initial military reserve duty in the 6th Infantry Company of the Leibregiments Großherzogin (3.
Großherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 117 in Mainz. In 1911, he completed an additional two months reserve training. When the
First World War began in 1914, Kellner was called up for active duty as a sergeant and deputy-officer in the Prinz Carl Infantry Regiment (4. Großherzoglich Hessisches Regiment) Nr. 118, in
Worms. Within the first month of his return to army service, Kellner was in eight engagements in
Belgium and
France, including fights at
Neufchâteau, Revigny-Laimont, and Rinarville, associated with what has become known as the
Battle of the Frontiers. His regiment also fought at the
First Battle of the Marne from 5 to 12 September. Under a prolonged bombardment in the trenches near
Reims, he was wounded and was sent to
St. Rochus Hospital in Mainz to recover. He spent the remainder of the war as a quartermaster secretary for the
13th Army Corps in
Frankfurt am Main. In 1913, a few months prior to being called up for service in the war, Kellner married Pauline Preuss (1888–1970), who was from Mainz. Their son, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (a.k.a. Fred William), their only child, was born in Mainz on 29 February 1916.
Political activism Kellner welcomed the birth of German democracy after the war. In 1919 he became a political organizer for the Mainz branch of the
Social Democratic Party of Germany, the (SPD). Throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, he spoke out against the danger posed to the fragile democracy by the extremists in the
Communist Party and the
Nazi Party. At rallies near the Gutenberg Museum, which honored
Johannes Gutenberg, the founder of the printing press, Kellner would hold above his head
Adolf Hitler's book,
Mein Kampf, and yell out to the crowd: "Gutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book." He would often be accosted by brown-shirted thugs from the Nazi Party, known as
Storm Troopers. Two weeks before Adolf Hitler was sworn in as
Chancellor in January 1933, and before the beginning of Hitler's murderous purge of his political opponents, Kellner and his family moved to the village of
Laubach in
Hesse, where he worked as the chief justice inspector in the district court. In 1935 his son emigrated to the
United States in order to avoid service in the
Wehrmacht, Hitler's armed forces. During the November pogrom of 1938, known as
Kristallnacht ("Night of the Broken Glass"), Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to stop the rioting. When Kellner approached the presiding judge to bring charges against the leaders of the riot, Judge Schmitt instead opened an investigation into the Kellners' religious heritage. The Kellner family documents, which included baptismal records dating back three hundred years, proved Kellner and his wife were Christians. On 18 November 1938 the district judge in
Darmstadt closed the case in Kellner's favor: "Doubts about the Kellner bloodlines cannot be validated." A finding to the contrary could have meant imprisonment and death.
The war years From his reading of
Mein Kampf, Kellner believed the election of Adolf Hitler would mean another war in
Europe, and events soon were to support his view. Within a few years after coming to power, Hitler abrogated the
Treaty of Versailles, re-militarized the
Rhineland, expanded the German military forces, and spent great sums to outfit those forces with modern weaponry. Although the leaders in the democracies were concerned about such rearmament, they failed to take action to stop it. On 1 September 1939,
in coordination with the Soviet Union, Hitler ordered the German armed forces to
invade Poland. It was on this day that Friedrich Kellner began to record his observations in a secret diary that he entitled
Mein Widerstand, "
My Opposition". He wanted the coming generations to know how easily young democracies could turn into dictatorships, and how people were too willing to believe
propaganda rather than resist tyranny and terrorism. Kellner did not confine himself to the diary. He continued to express his views, and in February 1940 he was summoned to the district court in
Giessen where he was warned by the president of the court, Hermann Colnot, to moderate his views. A few months later he was summoned to the mayor's office in Laubach where he was warned by the mayor and the local Nazi Party leader that he and his wife would be sent to a
concentration camp if he continued to be a "bad influence" on the population of Laubach. A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the conclusion of the war. Throughout the first two years of the war, Kellner looked to America to provide support for the United Kingdom and France. Numerous entries in the diary reveal Kellner's belief that Germany had no chance to win if America would put aside its neutrality and do more than just send supplies to the United Kingdom. When
Germany declared war on America in 1941, the diary entries show Kellner's impatience for the Allies to mount an effective invasion of the continent, and to bring the fight to the Germans on their own territory. When the
invasion of Normandy took place on
6 June 1944, Kellner inscribed in large letters in the entry of that date: "
Endlich!," meaning "Finally!" Kellner rarely wrote about his personal situation. He wrote primarily about Nazi policies and propaganda, and about the war. He noted the injustices in the court system, and recorded the inhumane deeds and genocidal intentions of the Nazis. In all of this he considered the German people as accomplices before and after the fact: first voting Hitler into power, and then acquiescing in his abuse of that power. script transcribed to modern German and translated into English. One of the most important historical entries in the diary was written on 28 October 1941. Most Germans after the war would insist they knew nothing at all about the
state-sponsored genocide of the
Jews, yet very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary, showing that word of atrocities reached the average citizens even in the small towns: :A soldier on vacation here said he was an eyewitness to terrible atrocities in the
occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep trench and upon the order of the
SS were shot by
Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch. :These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution. :There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety-nine percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.
After the war The war came to an end for Kellner on 29 March 1945, when the Americans marched into Laubach. Only a few days earlier, beginning on 23 March 1945, in a series of coordinated events between the British and American forces, the Allies had
crossed the Rhine River in their invasion of the German homeland. With the approval of the occupation forces, the new mayor of Laubach appointed Kellner deputy mayor. Kellner aided in the
denazification process, which primarily meant removing former Nazis from positions of power in the region. Kellner helped to resurrect the Social Democratic Party in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman. Kellner wrote only a few more entries in the diary. In one of the last entries, on 8 May 1945, the day Germany officially surrendered to the Allies, Kellner noted: :"If now, after the collapse, should any of these lackeys of Adolf Hitler have the insolence to claim they were merely harmless onlookers, let them feel the scourge of avenging mankind .... Whoever cries about having lost the Nazi system or wants to resurrect National Socialism is to be treated as a lunatic." Kellner served as chief justice inspector and administrator of the Laubach courthouse until 1948. He was appointed district auditor in the regional court in
Giessen until his retirement in 1950. For the next three years he was a legal advisor in Laubach. In 1956 he returned to politics and was Laubach's leading councilor and deputy mayor until he retired in 1960 at age 75. On 19 July 1966, Kellner received compensation from the
Federal Republic of Germany because of the injustices committed against him during the time of National Socialism. The compensation ruling included this statement: :"Kellner's political opposition was recognized by the ruling powers and they took measures against him. In a memorandum dated 23 June 1937, they noted that Kellner had not been active enough for the National Socialist movement, and that he has caused disturbances with the local party. Further, the incidents in the year 1940 (the threatened incarceration in a concentration camp) had really an unfavorable effect. It was Kellner's open opposition to National Socialism which prevented possible promotions and damaged him in his service." He is buried in the American Legion Tomb in Neuilly, France, on the outskirts of Paris. Fred's son, Robert Scott Kellner, grew up in a children's home in Connecticut. In 1960, while in the
United States Navy and traveling through Germany, Robert Scott Kellner located his grandparents, Friedrich and Pauline Kellner, and learned of the existence of the diary. who would deny the Holocaust and other Nazi atrocities. He offered a copy of the diary to the
Iranian president,
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who has referred to the
Holocaust as "a myth" and has called for Israel to be "wiped off the map." In his offer to Ahmadinejad, Kellner said: "We need to renounce ideologies that do not uphold, above all else, human life and personal liberty." ==Works==