Origo Gentis Langobardorum and Historia Langobardorum , 1905 The 7th-century
Origo Gentis Langobardorum, and
Paul the Deacon's 8th-century
Historia Langobardorum derived from it, recount a founding myth of the
Langobards, a Germanic people who ruled a region of what is now Italy (see
Lombardy). According to this legend, a "small people" known as the
Winnili were ruled by a woman named
Gambara who had two sons,
Ybor and Agio. The
Vandals, ruled by
Ambri and Assi, came to the Winnili with their army and demanded that they pay them tribute or prepare for war. Ybor, Agio, and their mother Gambara rejected their demands for tribute. Ambra and Assi then asked the god Godan for victory over the Winnili, to which Godan responded (in the longer version in the
Origo): "Whom I shall first see when at sunrise, to them will I give the victory." Meanwhile, Ybor and Agio called upon Frea, Godan's wife. Frea counseled them that "at sunrise the Winnil[i] should come, and that their women, with their hair let down around the face in the likeness of a beard should also come with their husbands". At sunrise, Frea turned Godan's bed around to face east and woke him. Godan saw the Winnili, including their whiskered women, and asked "who are those Long-beards?" Frea responded to Godan, "As you have given them a name, give them also the victory". Godan did so, "so that they should defend themselves according to his counsel and obtain the victory". Thenceforth the Winnili were known as the
Langobards (
Langobardic "long-beards").
Second Merseburg Incantation A 10th-century manuscript found in what is now
Merseburg, Germany, features an invocation known as the
Second Merseburg Incantation. The incantation calls upon various continental Germanic gods, including Old High German Frija and a goddess associated with her—
Volla, to assist in healing a horse:
Poetic Edda In the
Poetic Edda, compiled during the 13th century from earlier traditional material, Frigg is mentioned in the poems
Völuspá,
Vafþrúðnismál, the prose of
Grímnismál,
Lokasenna, and
Oddrúnargrátr. Frigg receives three mentions in the
Poetic Edda poem
Völuspá. In the first mention the poem recounts that Frigg wept for the death of her son
Baldr in
Fensalir. Later in the poem, when the future death of Odin is foretold, Odin is referred to as the "beloved of Frigg" and his future death is referred to as the "second grief of Frigg". Like the reference to Frigg weeping in Fensalir earlier in the poem, the implied "first grief" is a reference to the grief she felt upon the death of her son,
Baldr. , 1895 Frigg plays a prominent role in the prose introduction to the poem,
Grímnismál. The introduction recounts that two sons of king
Hrauðungr, Agnar (age 10) and Geirröðr (age 8), once sailed out with a trailing line to catch small fish, but wind drove them out into the ocean and, during the darkness of night, their boat wrecked. The brothers went ashore, where they met a
crofter. They stayed on the croft for one winter, during which the couple separately fostered the two children: the old woman fostered Agnar and the old man fostered Geirröðr. Upon the arrival of spring, the old man brought them a ship. The old couple took the boys to the shore, and the old man took Geirröðr aside and spoke to him. The boys entered the boat and a breeze came. The boat returned to the harbor of their father. Geirröðr, forward in the ship, jumped to shore and pushed the boat, containing his brother, out and said "go where an evil spirit may get thee." Away went the ship and Geirröðr walked to a house, where he was greeted with joy; while the boys were gone, their father had died, and now Geirröðr was king. He "became a splendid man." The scene switches to Odin and Frigg sitting in
Hliðskjálf, "look[ing] into
all the worlds." Odin says: "'Seest thou Agnar, thy foster-son, where he is getting children a giantess [Old Norse
gȳgi] in a cave? while Geirröd, my foster son, is a king residing in his country.' Frigg answered, 'He is so inhospitable that he tortures his guests, if he thinks that too many come.'" Odin replied that this was a great untruth and so the two made a wager. Frigg sent her "waiting-maid"
Fulla to warn Geirröðr to be wary, lest a wizard who seeks him should harm him, and that he would know this wizard by the refusal of dogs, no matter how ferocious, to attack the stranger. While it was not true that Geirröðr was inhospitable with his guests, Geirröðr did as instructed and had the wizard arrested. Upon being questioned, the wizard, wearing a blue cloak, said no more than that his name is
Grímnir. Geirröðr has Grímnir tortured and sits him between two fires for 8 nights. Upon the 9th night, Grímnir is brought a full
drinking horn by Geirröðr's son, Agnar (so named after Geirröðr's brother), and the poem continues without further mention or involvement of Frigg. In the poem
Lokasenna, where
Loki accuses nearly every female in attendance of promiscuity and/or unfaithfulness, an aggressive exchange occurs between the god Loki and the goddess Frigg (and thereafter between Loki and the goddess Freyja about Frigg). A prose introduction to the poem describes that numerous gods and goddesses attended a banquet held by
Ægir. These gods and goddesses include Odin and, "his wife", Frigg. In the poem
Oddrúnargrátr, Oddrún helps Borgny give birth to twins. In thanks, Borgny invokes
vættir, Frigg,
Freyja, and other unspecified deities.
Prose Edda Frigg is mentioned throughout the
Prose Edda, compiled in the 13th century by
Snorri Sturluson. Frigg is first mentioned in the
Prose Edda Prologue, wherein a
euhemerized account of the Norse gods is provided. The author describes Frigg as the wife of Odin, and, in a case of
folk etymology, the author attempts to associate the name
Frigg with the Latin-influenced form
Frigida. The Prologue adds that both Frigg and Odin "had the gift of prophecy." In the next section of the
Prose Edda,
Gylfaginning,
High tells
Gangleri (the king
Gylfi in disguise) that Frigg, daughter of
Fjörgynn (Old Norse
Fjörgynsdóttir) is married to Odin and that the
Æsir are descended from the couple, and adds that "the earth [
Jörðin] was [Odin's] daughter and his wife." According to High, the two had many sons, the first of which was the mighty god
Thor. , 1865 Later in
Gylfaginning, Gangleri asks about the
ásynjur, a term for Norse goddesses. High says that "highest" among them is Frigg and that only
Freyja "is highest in rank next to her." Frigg dwells in
Fensalir "and it is very splendid." In this section of
Gylfaginning, Frigg is also mentioned in connection to other
ásynjur:
Fulla carries Frigg's ashen box, "looks after her footwear and shares her secrets;"
Lofn is given special permission by Frigg and Odin to "arrange unions" among men and women;
Hlín is charged by Frigg to protect those that Frigg deem worthy of keeping from danger; and
Gná is sent by Frigg "into various worlds to carry out her business." In section 49 of
Gylfaginning, a narrative about the fate of Frigg's son Baldr is told. According to High, Baldr once started to have dreams indicating that his life was in danger. When Baldr told his fellow Æsir about his dreams, the gods met together for a
thing and decided that they should "request immunity for Baldr from all kinds of danger." Frigg subsequently receives promises from the elements, the environment, diseases, animals, and stones, amongst other things. The request successful, the Æsir make sport of Baldr's newfound invincibility; shot or struck, Baldr remained unharmed. However,
Loki discovers this and is not pleased by this turn of events, so, in the form of a woman, he goes to Frigg in Fensalir. There, Frigg asks this female visitor what the Æsir are up to assembled at the
thing. The woman says that all of the Æsir are shooting at Baldr and yet he remains unharmed. Frigg explains that "Weapons and wood will not hurt Baldr. I have received oaths from them all." The woman asks Frigg if all things have sworn not to hurt Baldr, to which Frigg notes one exception; "there grows a shoot of a tree to the west of
Val-hall. It is called
mistletoe. It seemed young to me to demand the oath from." Loki immediately disappears. , in an illustration by Lorenz Frølich, 1895 Now armed with mistletoe, Loki arrives at the thing where the Æsir are assembled and tricks the blind
Höðr, Baldr's brother, into shooting Baldr with a mistletoe projectile. To the horror of the assembled gods, the mistletoe goes directly through Baldr, killing him. Standing in horror and shock, the gods are initially only able to weep due to their grief. Frigg speaks up and asks "who there was among the Æsir who wished to earn all her love and favour and was willing to ride the road to
Hel and try if he could find Baldr, and offer
Hel a ransom if she would let Baldr go back to Asgard."
Hermóðr, Baldr's brother, accepts Frigg's request and rides to Hel. Meanwhile, Baldr is given a grand funeral attended by many beings—foremost mentioned of which are his mother and father, Frigg and Odin. During the funeral,
Nanna dies of grief and is placed in the funeral pyre with Baldr, her dead husband. Hermóðr locates Baldr and Nanna in Hel. Hermodr secures an agreement for the return of Baldr and with Hermóðr Nanna sends gifts to Frigg (a linen robe) and Fulla (a finger-ring). Hermóðr rides back to the Æsir and tells them what has happened. However, the agreement fails due to the sabotage of a
jötunn in a cave named
Þökk (Old Norse 'thanks'), described as perhaps Loki in disguise. Frigg is mentioned several times in the
Prose Edda section
Skáldskaparmál. The first mention occurs at the beginning of the section, where the
Æsir and Ásynjur are said to have once held a banquet in a hall in a land of gods,
Asgard. Frigg is one of the twelve ásynjur in attendance.
Heimskringla and sagas In
Ynglinga saga, the first book of
Heimskringla, a
Euhemerized account of the origin of the gods is provided. Frigg is mentioned once. According to the saga, while Odin was away, Odin's brothers
Vili and Vé oversaw Odin's holdings. Once, while Odin was gone for an extended period, the Æsir concluded that he was not coming back. His brothers started to divvy up Odin's inheritance, "but his wife Frigg they shared between them. However, a short while afterwards, [Odin] returned and took possession of his wife again. In
Völsunga saga, the great king
Rerir and his wife (unnamed) are unable to conceive a child; "that lack displeased them both, and they fervently implored the gods that they might have a child. It is said that Frigg heard their prayers and told Odin what they asked." ==Archaeological record==