Leftist phase and the RCC (1969–1971) , and
Gaddafi in Tripoli, 1969|right in 1970 On 25 May 1969, Colonel Nimeiry, commanding the
Khartoum Garrison, partnered with other Free Officers to
overthrow the civilian government of
Ismail al-Azhari. Termed the "May Revolution", the coup was timed opportunely, as the 14 senior-most officers of the
Sudanese Armed Forces were out of the country. Within the Free Officers movement, a majority of the leadership had initially rejected the timing of a takeover. However, Nimeiry and a minority faction of five officers pre-empted the broader organization and executed the coup, partnering with civilian politician
Babiker Awadalla. The next day, Nimeiry suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly and all political parties, and established himself as Chairman of the
Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). He promoted himself to major-general and extensively purged the military's upper echelons. Initially, Nimeiry aligned heavily with the left. He appointed himself
prime minister in October 1969 and launched an economic campaign marked by sweeping land reforms. In May and June 1970, Nimeiry enacted extensive nationalizations of the banking sector, foreign-owned businesses, and domestic trading companies to consolidate state authority over the economy. To neutralize conservative opposition, Nimeiry ordered an aerial bombardment on
Aba Island in March 1970. Approximately 4,000 troops and tanks, supported by the air force, stormed the island, killing thousands of
Ansar followers and their leader, Imam
Al-Hadi al-Mahdi.
Western pivot and Addis Ababa Agreement (1971–1979) Nimeiry's alliance with the left abruptly ended following the
1971 communist-backed coup attempt. Although briefly ousted, Nimeiry was restored to power by loyalist troops with decisive military assistance from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, who sent fighter aircraft to force down a British Airways jetliner carrying two of the coup's leaders, Babakr al-Nur Osman and Faruk Hamadallah, and held them for extradition to Sudan. Reportedly jumping from a window where he was incarcerated to meet his rescuers, Nimeiry regained control. Following the collapse of the coup, Nimeiry executed the central civilian leadership of the Sudanese left. He shifted Sudan's geopolitical alignment away from the
Soviet Union, pivoting toward the
United States,
China, and conservative Arab states such as
Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait. In 1972, China began training the Sudanese army, supplying
Shenyang J-6 fighter aircraft, and funding massive infrastructure projects. Also in 1972, Nimeiry achieved his greatest diplomatic success by signing the
Addis Ababa Agreement. The treaty granted autonomy to the non-Muslim
southern region, effectively ending the
First Sudanese Civil War and ushering in an 11-year period of stability. The peace process was facilitated by the consolidation of the fragmented Anya-Nya insurgency under the unified command of
Joseph Lagu. Economically, Nimeiry transitioned toward capitalist policies. Emphasizing large-scale agricultural and infrastructural development, Nimeiry envisioned Sudan as the "breadbasket of the Arab world," leveraging Arab oil capital and Western technology. This period saw the initiation of the Kenana sugar scheme and oil exploration by
Chevron starting in 1974. However, deficient planning, corruption, and the systemic shocks of the 1970s oil crisis led to massive external debt, forcing the government into
IMF stabilization programs that mandated privatization and the removal of basic subsidies.
Armed rebellions and National Reconciliation (1975–1979) Despite achieving peace in the south, Nimeiry faced constant threats from northern political factions. In September 1975, a military coup led by Brigadier Hassan Hussein Osman briefly seized power before being swiftly crushed by loyalist forces under Nimeiry's deputy, General Mohamed al-Baghir Ahmed. Osman and other mutineers were subsequently court-martialled and executed. The following year, a much larger threat emerged. In July 1976, an insurgent force of one thousand fighters, armed and trained by
Libya and directed by Umma Party leader
Sadiq al-Mahdi, crossed the border from
Ma'tan as-Sarra. The insurgents engaged in three days of intense house-to-house fighting in Khartoum and
Omdurman that killed some 3,000 people. Nimeiry's government was narrowly saved after a column of army tanks entered the city and neutralized the rebels. Ninety-eight people implicated in the plot were summarily executed, drawing worldwide criticism. To stabilize his regime after these violent incursions, Nimeiry initiated a "National Reconciliation" in 1977 with Sadiq al-Mahdi and exiled Islamist leaders. The prominent Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi of the
Muslim Brotherhood was invited back to Sudan, subsequently becoming Justice Minister and Attorney General in 1979. This political realignment gradually marginalized secular and southern political forces.
Islamization and the Second Civil War (1980–1985) Faced with economic failure and political disintegration, Nimeiry sought an alternative basis of legitimacy. Pressured by his new Islamist allies, Nimeiry declared an "Islamic revolution" in September 1983, unilaterally imposing
Sharia law across the entire country (the "September Laws"). Additionally, he attempted to have himself declared Imam of the Sudanese ummah, but failed. To demonstrate his commitment, he ceremonially dumped $11 million worth of
alcohol into the
Nile. The imposition of Islamic penal codes on the predominantly
Christian and
animist south violated the Addis Ababa Agreement. Nimeiry exacerbated the crisis by officially dissolving the southern autonomous government and subdividing the region, instantly reigniting the
Second Sudanese Civil War against the
Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) led by
John Garang. In 1984, he declared a state of emergency, granting special powers to the military. His regime became increasingly draconian, highlighted by the January 1985 execution of the peaceful Islamic reformist
Mahmoud Mohammed Taha on charges of apostasy. Nevertheless, Nimeiry maintained strong backing from the
Ronald Reagan administration. US aid increased to $254 million by 1985, financing the construction of rapid deployment bases and a
CIA listening station near
Port Sudan. Sudan's strategic value to Washington was further elevated by Nimeiry's covert cooperation in facilitating the evacuation of Ethiopian
Falasha Jews to Israel via Khartoum, a role that earned him additional financial support from the United States.
The 1985 Revolution and overthrow By 1985, Nimeiry had alienated nearly every sector of Sudanese society. The economy had ground to a halt; between 1980 and 1985, the
Sudanese pound lost 80 percent of its value due to hyperinflation. Daily life was paralyzed by long queues for petrol and other basic commodities, while the government struggled with a mounting foreign debt of $9 billion. This economic collapse was compounded by a devastating regional drought and an influx of refugees from neighboring countries. An IMF-mandated austerity program triggered severe price hikes, including a 75 percent increase in the cost of petrol, alongside rises in bread and sugar prices. The price increases, coupled with the outrage over the execution of the liberal theologian Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, triggered a massive wave of civil disobedience. Trade unions representing doctors, lawyers, and university lecturers organized massive demonstrations and declared a general political strike on 3 April, paralyzing the capital. On 6 April 1985, while Nimeiry was in Washington, D.C., seeking further financial aid, his own defense minister, General
Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, executed a
bloodless military coup. The mass protests that facilitated the coup became known as the 1985 Revolution, ending Nimeiry's 16-year rule. ==Exile, return and death==