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Gae Aulenti

Gaetana "Gae" Emilia Aulenti was an Italian architect and designer. Aulenti began her career in the early 1950s, establishing herself as one of the few prominent female architects in post-war Italy.

Early life and education
Aulenti was born in Palazzolo dello Stella in the Friuli region of northeast Italy to Aldo Aulenti, an accountant and his wife, Virginia Gioia, a school teacher. The Aulenti family, with ancestral origins in Calabria, Apulia and Campania, included her paternal grandfather, who served as a magistrate, and her maternal grandfather, who was a physician. When Aulenti was a child, her family moved to Biella, in the Piedmont region in northern Italy. Aulenti attended a visual arts high-school in Florence; however, during World War II, she was compelled to return to Biella where she continued her studies privately. Milan was attractive to students, like Aulenti, because it had been an open city during World War II and was rich with culture and intellectual life. Giovanna was close to her mother and saw her as a mentor. == Architectural and design philosophy ==
Architectural and design philosophy
Approximately one third of Milan's built structures were destroyed in the hostilities of World War II. The post-war reconstruction of Milan (part of the Italian economic miracle) involved large architectural and urban design projects. Working under editor-in-chief Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Aulenti examined neo-liberty, a novel Italian architectural theory. Neo-liberty posited that there is a continuity between historical and modern architectural styles rather than an end of one and the beginning of another and that elements from the past can be used to enhance contemporary design. This is counter to modernism which eschews ornamentation and places function before form.Aulenti's interpretation of neo-liberty is exemplified in her first furniture piece, the Sgarsul chair (1962), crafted from bent beech wood with a slung leather seat containing soft polyurethane padding. The design of the Sgarsul chair draws inspiration from Michael Thonet's Rocking Chair No. 1 (1862). In her later life, Aulenti said of her work,I have always tried to make my work unclassifiable, not to accept abstract rules, not to confine myself to specializations, but instead to deal with different disciplines. The theatre, for example, to be able to analyze literary and musical texts. The design of objects as a complementary world to architectural spaces. Architecture as a basic passion where theory and practice must intertwine. I believe architecture is an interdisciplinary intellectual work, a work in which building science and art are extremely integrated. ==Career==
Career
Industrial design Aulenti had a prolific career in industrial design. Her Locus Solus furniture collection, introduced in 1964, was inspired by the country estate featured in Raymond Roussel's 1912 novel of the same name. The collection comprised chairs, a table, an adjustable lamp, a sofa, a sun lounger, and a bench, all manufactured from tubular cold-formed steel by the Poltronova furniture company. The Locus Solus collection was used as set decoration in the film, La Piscine (1969). In 2023, a replica collection in off-white and yellow was produced for commercial sale. Lamps designed by Aulenti were notable for their style, innovation and function. The lamp featured a neck that could extend by 20 cm, allowing it to be positioned on either a table or the floor. The Ruspa table lamp (1967) was a modular group of four lights. Direct light and indirect light from imbedded reflectors was controlled by angling of lamp's head. The Ruspa was unconventional as it was crafted in lacquered aluminium instead of plastic. Olivetti, the maker of precision office machines, engaged Aulenti to design their showrooms in Paris (1967) and Buenos Aires (1968). Aulenti describes her work for Olivetti as the pivotal starting point of her international career. The cars were showcased single file, each on an inclined metal platform set against mirrored walls. In 2025 Louis Vuitton relaunched the Monterey model inspired by the design created by Gae Aulenti. Aulenti also designed a line of porcelain sanitary ware, which she called, the "Orsay" collection (1996). In 1975, the French president, François Mitterrand, asked the French architectural firm, ACT to commence an adaptive reuse project to convert the Gare d'Orsay into a new museum, the Musée d'Orsay. Initially, Aulenti was assigned solely to the interior design of the new museum. However, due to disagreements between ACT and the curators, her role expanded to encompass the overall architectural planning of the project. Aulenti successfully advocated for changes to the ACT design, which the curators believed was overly tied to neo-classical aesthetics and excessively ornate. Limestone tiles, in various shades of white, were attached to the surfaces of the ramp, platforms on the ramp and, at one end of the corridor, two new towers. Natural light enters the building from the original large, glass, barrel-vault ceiling, windows facing the Rue de Lille and from new oculi. By adding artificial lighting, Aulenti was able to achieve a uniform quality of illumination throughout the museum. Charles Jencks, cultural theorist and architectural historian, described the Musée d'Orsay as an example of a "postmodern museum", where there is tension due to the past needing to exist in the present and the artistic in the academic. Jencks said, "The train shed, a symbol of nineteenth-century power and materialism, meets a thirteenth-century cathedral layout in a twentieth-century temple to the contradictions of nineteenth-century art." He wrote of the museum,The linear, suiting trains, also suits historical sequence with startling results. They give a clear beginning, middle and end to the gentle stroll through history. Overhead, the wide barrel vault of the old station spreads a generous light that pulls one gently up the progression of French art. The floor and the visitor mount slowly, too ... Gae Aulenti has articulated the walls to either side of this nave space in heavy Egyptian tones, but also with horizontal streamlines that push forward ... thus, the railway station becomes a cathedral with the left aisle housing the avant-garde and the right aisle holding the academy. Up the middle, the nave mixes the two competitors but not indiscriminately. Paul Goldberger, architectural critic, wrote in The New York Times,Unfortunately, the results of this ambitious project are, architecturally speaking, not natural at all. They are contrived, awkward and uncomfortable. The newly created Musée d'Orsay may be the most ambitious conversion of an old building into a museum in the modern history of Paris, but it is also a work of architecture that is deeply insensitive both to the original Gare d'Orsay and to the works of art it is supposed to be protecting and displaying. It will do little to advance the art of museum design, and it may well set the business of architectural recycling back a generation.Aulenti received the Chevalier de Légion d'honneur in 1987. Aulenti was engaged to redesign the portion of the Musée occupying the fourth floor of the center, to create modular spaces better suited for smaller exhibitions, and to reduce the amount of natural light impacting the artworks. Aulenti created galleries of varying sizes along a building-length, unobstructed corridor-gallery set beside the west windows. She installed shelves, alcoves and pedestals within the galleries and created small corridors linking the galleries for fragile items that required low light. Palazzo Grassi The Palazzo Grassi is an 18th-century mansion on the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. In 1983, when the Palazzo was owned by the Fiat group, Aulenti was commissioned to refurbish the building as an art exhibition space. The Palazzo was gutted and refurbished over a thirteen-month period, reopening on 15 April 1985. The existing three-level building was dark and labyrinthine, making its original features difficult to distinguish. Aulenti examined contemporary Venetian buildings for elements associated with the Palazzo's original architect, Giorgio Massari. Having repaired the original masonry with salvaged 19th century bricks, Aulenti fixed new utilities in a way that would leave the restored masonry undisturbed, even in future renovations. In the following years, Aulenti returned a number of times to the Palazzo Grassi to design popular exhibitions. I Fenici (1988), I Celti (1991) and I Greci in Occidente (1996) were all months long archeological expositions designed for the non-scholar. In creating I Fenici (The Phoenicians) with Sabatino Moscati, archeologist and curator of the exhibition, Aulenti created a path for visitors with two distinct educational threads; first, a traditional display of archaeological objects categorized by typology and geography and second, an exploration of Phoenician culture. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya The ''Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya'' at the Palau Nacional, Barcelona, home of the Catalan visual arts collection, was constructed on Montjuïc for the 1929 World's Fair. As part of a design team including Enric Steegman and Josep Benedito, between 1985 and 1992, Aulenti refurbished the Saló Oval (the main hall) and consolidated two temporary exhibition rooms for the 1992 Summer Olympics. Glass was added to the outer walls of the Saló Oval for better illumination and once again, Castiglioni created the artificial lighting plan. Japan Aulenti designed the chancellery of the Italian Embassy (2004) and the Italian Cultural Institute (2005) in Tokyo. At the Italian Cultural Institute, Aulenti used an RAL 3011 coloured cladding, a red-brown hue which was controversial due to the perceived intensity of the colour. On the ten year anniversary of Aulenti's death, the Italian Cultural Institute in Tokyo presented an exhibition of her drawings, photographs, models and materials called Uno sguardo sul Giappone e sul mondo (A look at Japan and the world). In 1991, Aulenti converted a 17th-century granary at the Torrecchia Vecchia estate in Lazio to a villa for Carlo Caracciolo. Aulenti designed the Italian Pavilion at the Seville Expo '92 and the redevelopment of the Piazzale Cadorna (2000) in Milan. Stage design Aulenti and Luca Ronconi, theatre director and producer, founded Laboratorio di Progettazione Teatrale (the Prato Theatre design workshop) in the late 1970s. Together, they staged 16 productions including, Pier Paolo Pasolini's Calderón, Euripide's Le Baccanti, and Hugo von Hofmannsthall's La Torre. In her stage design, Aulenti looked to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's work, A Manifesto of Variety Theatre (1913). Marinetti rejected imitation of the historic and the obsessive reproduction of daily life. Rather, he chose freedom in design, the use of a cinematic background, and imaginative, satiric and futuristic concepts. At La Scala in 1977, Aulenti created the stage design for Wozzeck, the atonal opera by Alban Berg. Claudio Abbado was the conductor with Gloria Lane and Guglielmo Sarabia the principals. Aulenti's daughter, Giovanna Buzzi, designed the costumes. Lonchampt wrote, This device has the major drawback of raising the stage quite considerably and of distancing the singers from the room. The sound is lost in the flies and in the first rows, at least, the voices seem thin, without force or resonance ... unreal ... which is serious in a work with such brief tableaux, where the listener must feel the physical presence of the characters from the outset. Nicholas Vitaliano, Ronconi's biographer, wrote that Aulenti and Ronconi wanted to designed a "stage machine", a moving surface traversing the entire stage, which was otherwise left in almost entire darkness. Aulenti's stage design for Ronconi's production of Rossini's opera, Il viaggio a Reims (Journey to Reims) at the Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro (1984) involved on-stage television monitors. From their position on the stage, video operators filmed the performance and in real time, broadcast the recordings, such as close-ups of the singers, onto the monitors. In addition, actors (playing the king and his retinue) were filmed processing on the streets outside the theatre. La Scala was too small for the expected audience and so the production was moved to the Palazzo dello sport (the Milan sports centre). In the stadium space, Aulenti and Ronconi created a spectacle. In the act, "Lucifer's dance", the "spirit of negation" appeared on stilts in front of a very large human face. The character on stilts controlled the face through the music of a wind band that was seated on a vertical frame on the stage. Aulenti also created the stage designs for Elektra by Richard Strauss in Milan (1984) and The Wild Duck by Henrik Ibsen in Genoa. Benjamin Buchloh commented that designers, such as Aulenti, are able to highlight their own "trademark" architectural aesthetic by incorporating it into their exhibition design. He was critical, suggesting that this is to the detriment of the artistic work or object being displayed. Buchloch described Aulenti's "zig-zag" design, when placed in the curved space of the Guggenheim, as a "vagina dentata". Milan Triennial Aulenti had an association with the Milan Triennial over many years. Aulenti was a member of the executive of the Triennial from 1977 to 1980. She designed spaces for installations at exhibitions such as the 1951–2001 Made in Italy? (2001). == Professional affiliations ==
Professional affiliations
magazine From 1955 to 1965, Aulenti was a member of the editorial staff of the design magazine, Casabella Continuità. Aulenti wrote two articles for Casabella: Soviet architecture (1962) and Marin County (1964). Aulenti was a member of Movimento Studi per I'Architettura, Milan (1955–1961) and the Association for Industrial Design, Milan (1960 and vice-president in 1966). == Death and legacy ==
Death and legacy
On 31 October 2012, Aulenti died at her home in the Brera district of Milan as a result of chronic illness. This was fifteen days, after her last public appearance when she received the gold medal for Lifetime Achievement at the Milan Triennial. After Aulenti's death, the Milan Triennial and Archivio Gae Aulenti created an exhibition remembering her life and work. It is a sequence of rooms recreating, true to size, several of her interior design projects, including the Arrivo al Mare room. At the centre of the exhibition is a display of Aulenti's industrial design works and around the perimeter, a display of Aulenti's papers. From 2020 to 2021, the Vitra Design Museum, a private museum in Germany, presented the exhibition, Gae Aulenti: A Creative Universe. Drawings, photographic material and design models under plexiglass by Aulenti are held by Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (SIUSA). Aulenti's granddaughter, Nina Artioli is the curator of Aulenti's archive in Milan. == Awards ==
Awards
• Ubi Prize for Stage Design, Milan, 1980. • Praemium Imperiale, Japan, 1991. == See also ==
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