Islamic gardens Garden design and the
Islamic garden tradition began with creating the
Paradise garden in
Ancient Persia, in Western Asia. It evolved over the centuries, and in the different cultures Islamic dynasties came to rule in Asia, the
Near East, North Africa, and the
Iberian Peninsula.
Examples , Pakistan , Granada, Spain Some styles and examples include: •
Persian gardens :*
Eram Garden :*
Fin Garden •
Mughal gardens :*
Nishat Bagh :*
Shalimar Gardens (Lahore) :*
Yadavindra Gardens (Pinjore) •
Charbagh :*
Taj Mahal :*
Tomb of Humayun gardens •
Bagh (garden) :*
Bagh-e Babur :*
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar) •
Al-Andalus—
Moorish architecture and gardens :*
Alcázar of Seville :*
Alhambra :*
Generalife of Córdoba, Spain
Mediterranean gardens Garden design history and precedents from the Mediterranean region include: •
Ancient Greek and Hellenistic gardens •
Ancient Roman gardens :*
Peristyle gardens – evolved into
Monastic gardens :*
House of the Vettii – in
Pompeii :*
Horti Sallustiani •
Byzantine gardens •
Spanish gardens :*
Andalusian patio Renaissance formal gardens '' (Plan of the Saxon Garden) A
formal garden in the Persian and European garden design traditions is rectilinear and axial in design. The equally formal garden, without axial symmetry (asymmetrical) or other geometries, is the garden design tradition of
Chinese and
Japanese gardens. The
Zen garden of rocks, moss and raked gravel is an example. The Western model is an ordered garden laid out in carefully planned geometric and often symmetrical lines. Lawns and hedges in a formal garden need to be kept neatly clipped for maximum effect. Trees,
shrubs,
subshrubs and other
foliage are carefully arranged, shaped and continually maintained. and
parterre at
Château de Villandry in the
Loire Valley A
French formal garden or
jardin à la française, is a specific kind of formal garden, laid out in the manner of
André Le Nôtre; it is centered on the façade of a building, with radiating
avenues and paths of gravel, lawns,
parterres and pools (
bassins) of reflective water enclosed in geometric shapes by stone coping, with fountains and sculpture. The French formal garden style has origins in fifteenth-century
Italian Renaissance garden, such as the
Villa d'Este,
Boboli Gardens, and
Villa Lante in Italy. The style was brought to France and expressed in the
gardens of the French Renaissance. Some of the earliest formal
parterres of clipped evergreens were those laid out at
Anet by
Claude Mollet, the founder of a dynasty of nurserymen-designers that lasted deep into the 18th century. The
Gardens of Versailles are an ultimate example of
jardin à la française, composed of many different distinct gardens, and designed by André Le Nôtre. English Renaissance gardens in a rectilinear formal design were a feature of the
stately homes. The introduction of the parterre was at
Wilton House in the 1630s. In the early eighteenth century, the publication of
Dezallier d'Argenville,
La théorie et la pratique du jardinage (1709) was translated into English and German, and was the central document for the later formal gardens of Continental Europe. Traditional formal
Spanish garden design evolved with
Persian garden and
European Renaissance garden influences. The internationally renowned
Alhambra and
Generalife in
Granada, built in the
Moorish Al-Andalus era, have influenced design for centuries. The
Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 World's Fair in
Seville, Spain was located in the celebrated
Maria Luisa Park (
Parque de Maria Luisa) designed by
Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier. Formal gardening in the Italian and French manners was reintroduced at the turn of the twentieth century.
Beatrix Farrand's formal Italian garden areas at
Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., and
Achille Duchêne's restored French water parterre at
Blenheim Palace in England are examples of the modern formal garden. The Conservatory Garden in
Central Park of New York City features a formal garden, as do many other parks and estates such as
Filoli in California. The simplest formal garden would be a box-trimmed hedge lining or enclosing a carefully laid out
flowerbed or garden bed of simple geometric shape, such as a
knot garden. The more developed and elaborate formal gardens contain statuary and fountains. Features in a formal garden may include: •
Avenue •
Bosquet •
Broderie •
Eyecatchers •
Garden sculpture •
Hedge maze •
Jeux d'eau •
Orangery •
Parterre •
Pavilion •
Pergola •
Reflecting pool •
Sylvan theater •
Terrace •
Topiary •
Trellis English Landscape and Naturalistic gardens The
English landscape garden style practically swept away the geometries of earlier English and European Renaissance formal gardens.
William Kent and
Lancelot "Capability" Brown were leading proponents, among many other designers. The naturalistic English garden style (French:
Jardin anglais, Italian: ''Giardino all'inglese
, German: Englischer Landschaftsgarten'') of the 1730s and on transformed private and civic garden design across Europe. The
French landscape garden subsequently continued the style's development on the Continent. s,
clematis, a
thatched roof: a cottage garden in Brittany
Cottage gardens A cottage garden uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. Cottage gardens go back many centuries, but their popularity grew in 1870s England in response to the more structured Victorian
English estate gardens that used restrained designs with massed beds of brilliantly colored greenhouse annuals. They are more casual by design, depending on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal structure. The influential British garden authors and designers,
William Robinson at
Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and
Gertrude Jekyll at
Munstead Wood in Surrey, both wrote and gardened in England. Jekyll's series of thematic gardening books emphasized the importance and value of natural plantings were an influence in Europe and the United States. Also influential half a century later was
Margery Fish, whose surviving garden at
East Lambrook Manor emphasizes, among other things, native plant life and the natural patterns produced by self-spreading and self-seeding. The earliest cottage gardens were far more practical than modern versions—with an emphasis on vegetables and herbs, along with fruit trees, beehives, and even livestock if land allowed. Flowers were used to fill any spaces in between. Over time, flowers became more dominant. Modern day cottage gardens include countless regional and personal variations of the more traditional English cottage garden.
Kitchen garden or potager 's 1906 book,''Flowers from Shakespeare's Garden: a Posy from the Plays'' The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager, is a seasonally used space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots with square or rectangular beds, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its design. The kitchen garden may be a
landscape design feature that can be the central feature of an ornamental, all-season landscape, but can be little more than a humble vegetable plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, but it is also a structured garden space, a design based on repetitive geometric patterns. The kitchen garden has year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent
perennials or woody plantings around (or among) the
annual plants.
Shakespeare garden A Shakespeare garden is a themed garden that cultivates plants mentioned in the works of
William Shakespeare. In English-speaking countries, particularly the United States, these are often public gardens associated with parks, universities, and Shakespeare festivals. Shakespeare gardens are sites of cultural, educational, and romantic interest and can be locations for outdoor weddings. Signs near the plants usually provide relevant quotations. A Shakespeare garden usually includes several dozen species, either in herbaceous profusion or in a geometric layout with
boxwood dividers. Typical amenities are walkways and benches and a weather-resistant bust of Shakespeare. Shakespeare gardens may accompany
reproductions of Elizabethan architecture. Some Shakespeare gardens also grow species typical of the Elizabethan period but not mentioned in Shakespeare's plays or poetry.
Rock garden A rock garden, also known as rockery or
alpine garden, is a type of garden that features extensive use of rocks and stones, along with plants native to rocky or
alpine environments. Rock garden plants tend to be small, both because many of the species are naturally small, and so as not to cover up the rocks. They may be grown in troughs (containers), or in the ground. The plants will usually be types that prefer well-drained soil and less water. ,
Shiga prefecture,
Japan The usual form of a rock garden is a pile of rocks, large and small, aesthetically arranged and with small gaps between, where the plants are rooted. Some rock gardens are designed and built to look like natural
outcrops of bedrock. Stones are aligned to suggest a bedding plane and plants are used to conceal the joints between the stones. This type of rock garden was popular in Victorian times, often designed and built by professional landscape architects. The same approach is sometimes used in modern campus or commercial
landscaping, but can also be applied in smaller private gardens. The
Japanese rock garden, in the west often referred to as "Zen garden", is a special kind of rock garden which contains few plants. Some rock gardens incorporate
bonsai. Rock gardens have become increasingly popular as landscape features in tropical countries such as Thailand. The combination of wet weather and heavy shade trees, along with the use of
heavy weed mats to stop unwanted plant growth, has made this type of arrangement ideal for both residential and commercial gardens due to its easier maintenance and drainage.
Native garden Natural landscaping, also called native gardening, is the use of
native plants, including trees, shrubs,
groundcover, and grasses which are
indigenous to the geographic area of the garden. '', a Sydney local plant which attracts wildlife Natural landscaping is adapted to the
climate,
geography and
hydrology and should require no
pesticides,
fertilizers and watering to maintain, given that native plants have adapted and evolved to local conditions over thousands of years. However, these applications may be necessary for some preventive care of trees and other vegetation in areas of degraded or weedy landscapes. Native plants suit today's interest in
low-maintenance gardening and landscaping, with many species vigorous and hardy and able to survive winter cold and summer heat. Once established, they can flourish without
irrigation or fertilization, and are resistant to most pests and diseases. Many municipalities have quickly recognized the benefits of natural landscaping due to municipal budget constraints and reductions and the general public is now benefiting from the implementation of natural landscaping techniques to save water and create more personal time. Native plants provide suitable habitat for native species of butterflies, birds,
pollinators, and other wildlife. They provide more variety in gardens by offering myriad alternatives to the often planted
introduced species,
cultivars, and
invasive species. The indigenous plants have co-evolved with animals, fungi and microbes, to form a complex network of relationships. They are the foundation of their native
habitats and
ecosystems, or natural communities. Such gardens often benefit from the plants being evolved and habituated to the local climate, pests and herbivores, and soil conditions, and so may require fewer to no
soil amendments, irrigation, pesticides, and
herbicides for a lower maintenance, more
sustainable landscape.
Contemporary garden The contemporary style garden has gained popularity in the UK in the last ten years. This is partly due to the increase of modern housing with small gardens as well as the cultural shift towards contemporary design. This style of garden can be defined by the use "clean" design lines, with focus on
hard landscaping materials like stone, hardwood, rendered walls. Planting style is bold but simple with the use of drifts of one or two plants that repeat throughout the design. Grasses are a very popular choice for this style of design.
Garden lighting plays an integral role in modern garden design. Subtle lighting effects can be achieved with the use of carefully placed low voltage
LED lights incorporated into paving and walls. With the combination of increasing demand for more efficient lighting, increasing availability of
sustainable designs,
light pollution considerations, and aesthetic and safety concerns, the methods and equipment of outdoor
illumination have been evolving. The increasing use of LEDs,
solar power,
low voltage fixtures, energy efficient lamps, and energy-saving
lighting design are examples of innovation in the field.
Residential gardens A residential or private domestic garden such as the
front garden or
back garden is the most common form of garden. The front garden may be a formal and semi-public space and so subject to the constraints of convention and local laws. While typically found in the
yard of the residence, a garden may also be established on a
roof, in an
atrium or
courtyard, on a
balcony, in
windowboxes, or on a
patio. Residential gardens are typically designed at
human scale, as they are most often intended for private use. However, the garden of a
great house or a large
estate may be larger than a public park, and may contain specialized gardens (such as those for exhibiting one particular type of plant) and
eyecatchers. Some early residential gardens include the Donnell Garden in Sonoma, California. The garden was designed by landscape architect,
Thomas Church, with
Lawrence Halprin and architect,
George T. Rockrise, which was completed in 1948. The garden is currently regarded as a modernist icon and has been applauded for its well maintained garden of its time. The garden was recognized for its unique and organic forms that represented a modern style of California. The garden is on top of a hillside overlooking the northern area of San Francisco Bay.
East Asian gardens Japanese and Korean gardens, originally influenced by
Chinese gardens, can be found at private homes, in neighbourhood or city parks, and at historical landmarks such as
Buddhist temples. Some of the Japanese gardens most famous in the Western world and Japan are Japanese gardens in the
karesansui tradition. The
Ryōan-ji temple garden is a well-known example. There are Japanese gardens of various styles, with plantings often evoking
wabi-sabi simplicity. In Japanese culture, garden-making is a high art, intimately linked to the arts of
calligraphy and
ink paintin ==See also==