Origins On 14 December 1853, a water company named
Compagnie générale des eaux (
CGE) was created by an imperial decree of
Napoleon III. CGE also supplied water to
Nantes,
Venice (from 1880),
Istanbul (from 1882) and
Porto (from 1883). CGE then acquired the
Compagnie générale de chauffe, and the Montenay group, with these companies later becoming the Energy Services division of CGE, and later renamed "
Dalkia" in 1998.
Creation of Vivendi logo from 2001 to 2006 On 27 March 1998, days after agreeing to fully acquire
Havas, Compagnie Générale des Eaux announced it was changing its name to
Vivendi. In 2000, it sold off its property and construction divisions the following year to what would become
Vinci SA. Vivendi went on to acquire stakes in or merge with
Cendant Software, Grupo Anaya, and
Maroc Telecom. Beginning in 1998, Vivendi launched digital channels in Italy, Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands. In June 1999, Vivendi merged with
Pathé, and the exchange ratio for the merger was fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathé shares.
The Wall Street Journal estimated the value of the deal at US$2.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathé's interests in
British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, then sold all remaining assets to Jérôme Seydoux's family-owned holding company,
Fornier SA, which changed its name to Pathé.
Vivendi Universal On 9 December 2000, Vivendi acquired
Groupe Canal+, the French television network and film production company. On 11 December 2000, Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Groupe Canal+, Canadian company
Seagram Company Ltd (owner of
Universal Studios), and Vivendi. That same day, Havas S.A. became Vivendi Universal Publishing. Vivendi Universal acquired
MP3.com and the leading American publisher
Houghton Mifflin in 2001. To raise the funds, Vivendi Universal sold its remaining 9.9% stake in Havas Advertising to institutional investors and its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by
Cinven.
Vivendi Environnement Vivendi Environnement was formed in 1999 by Vivendi to consolidate its environmental divisions, which were
CGEA Transport,
Onyx Environnement (now Veolia Environmental Services),
Dalkia and CGE water division. As a result, CGEA Transport was renamed Connex (later Veolia Transport), and CGE's water division was renamed Vivendi Water (now
Veolia Water). In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.
Corporate loss Vivendi Universal disclosed a corporate loss of €23.3 billion in its 2002 annual report. It responded with financial reshuffling, trying to shore up media holdings while selling off shares in its
spin-off companies. Amid intense media scrutiny, its chairman and CEO,
Jean-Marie Messier (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean-René Fourtou. Messier was found guilty of embezzlement in 2011, but not before he was paid over US$20 million as part of his severance package. The company reduced its stake in
Vivendi Environnement to 40% and sold its stake in
Vinci SA. The company then began reorganizing to stave off
bankruptcy, announcing a strategy to sell non-strategic assets. Its largest single shareholder was the family of
Edgar Bronfman Jr., who was head of Seagram at the time of the merger. Vivendi sold its stake in
Vizzavi to
Vodafone, with the exception of Vizzavi France. It also sold 20.4% of Vivendi Environnement's capital to a group of investors, and its stake in North American satellite operator
EchoStar Communications Corporation. It also sold Vivendi Universal Publishing to Natexis Banque Populaire on behalf of
Lagardère, resulting in the creation of
Editis. It also sold Houghton Mifflin to Thomas H Lee,
Blackstone and
Bain consortium for US$1.66 billion. Also, in 2002, Vivendi Universal sold the Belgian and Dutch activities of its subsidiary Scoot Europe to Kapitol, the parent company of online directory
Infobel. In 2003, Vivendi Universal sold Canal+ Technologies to
Thomson SA; Tele+ to
News Corporation and
Telecom Italia. It also sold its 26.3% interest in
Xfera. Also in 2003, it sold its consumer magazines to
Socpresse and its free newspapers to
France Antilles. On 1 December, Vivendi Universal closed a deal to sell
MP3.com to
CNET. Despite predictions that it would be unable to raise the cash needed, Vivendi Universal bought out one of the two minority shareholders in Cegetel, taking its holding to 60 percent, with Vodafone holding the remaining 40 percent. Management viewed the mobile communications firm as a core asset once the bulk of media assets had been sold off.
Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments On 12 May 2004, 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (owner of
Universal Studios) was sold to
General Electric (owner of National Broadcasting Company, Inc.) to form
NBC Universal; GE held an 80% stake while Vivendi held a 20% stake in the new company. At the same time, it sold a 50% stake in
Canal+ and
StudioCanal to the new company. Vivendi also sold its interests in Kencell (re-branded Celtel, Kenya),
Monaco Telecom and
Sportfive (which it held through Canal+ Group), and sold
Newsworld International to the business partnership of
Joel Hyatt and former
Vice-President of the United States Al Gore. Vivendi also sold
Babelsberg Studio. On 16 December 2005, it was announced that Canal Plus would merge with
TPS, France's second largest pay-TV provider. Vivendi owned 85% of the combined entity. On 17 January 2006, Vivendi Universal announced it would end its
American Depositary Receipt program and its listing on the
New York Stock Exchange by the end of the second quarter of 2006, due to lowered trading volume on its shares and high costs. On 20 April, the company announced that shareholders had approved the name change to "Vivendi". In August, Vivendi signed a deal with
Spiralfrog to distribute Vivendi's songs online in the United States and Canada. On 2 December 2007, Vivendi announced that it would be merging
its game publishing unit with
Activision in a
$18.8 billion deal. This will allow the merged company,
Activision Blizzard, to rival
Electronic Arts, the world's biggest video game publisher. Vivendi took control of GVT at a cost of 56 reais per share, on 13 November, trumping
Telefónica's bid. Geneva-based Crédit des Alpes was the investment bank to the transaction, originating the acquisition proposal and advising GVT's majority shareholders. On 3 December 2009, GE announced it would purchase Vivendi's stake in NBC Universal, which would become a joint venture between GE and
Comcast. Vivendi sold its stake in NBC Universal on 25 January 2011. On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in French mobile service provider
SFR to Vivendi for about $11 billion and giving Vivendi full control of its largest unit. In 2012, Vivendi announced having entered a strategic review of its assets and decided to refocus its activities on media and content activities while maximizing its telecoms assets. On 25 July 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the buyout of 429 million shares from Vivendi for $5.83 billion, dropping the shareholder from a 63% stake to 11.8% by the end of the deal in September, ending Vivendi's majority ownership of Activision Blizzard. In November, Vivendi also sold its 53% stake in
Maroc Telecom to
Dubai-based
Etisalat for around $4.2 billion. Vivendi also confirmed in November 2013 its intention to launch a demerger plan which would result in Vivendi becoming an international media group consisting primarily of Canal+, Universal Music Group, and GVT, while SFR would be listed separately on the stock market. As a result of the foregoing, Vivendi group results for the first semester of 2014 are in a strong growth, witnessing the success of its repositioning strategy. Net income was up 84,8% to €1.9 billion. In August 2014 Vivendi sells GVT to
Telefônica Vivo, a subsidiary of
Telefónica in Brazil. The moves allowed Vivendi to pay down debt and increase cash returns to shareholders while leaving it able to do acquisitions of its own. After SFR deal closes, Vivendi was expected to have around €5 billion, leaving it with some room to maneuver even after it pays down debt and returns nearly €5 billion in dividends and share buybacks to shareholders. In 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies
SFR (France) to
Patrick Drahi's company,
Altice, and
GVT (Brazil) to the Brazilian company
Telefônica Vivo. On 28 May, Vivendi sold half of its remaining shares (nearly 41.5 million shares) in Activision Blizzard for $850 million, reducing its stake to 6%. In April 2015, it was announced that a shareholder in the company
Bolloré raised its stake from 10.2 percent to 12.01 percent for a total fee of €568 million. In 2015, Vivendi bought 80% share in
Dailymotion. According to the Wall Street Journal, the "French media group offered around $273 million for streaming service". Vivendi was in talks with Orange, to Buy 80% stake in Dailymotion. Also, Vivendi announced extra payouts in compromise with P. Schoenfeld Asset Management shareholder. It was revealed in October 2015 that Vivendi would increase its stake in
Telecom Italia to around 19% of the ordinary share capital as part of its aims to increase its influence in the group. As of May 2017, Vivendi owns 24.6% of the company with Vivendi's CEO Arnaud de Puyfontaine becoming Executive Chairman of Telecom Italia. In October, Vivendi bought minority stakes in the French video game studios
Gameloft and
Ubisoft. On 17 December 2015, Vivendi acquired a 64.4% majority stake in Belgian online radio aggregator
Radionomy (including its media player platform
Winamp and internet radio streaming software
Shoutcast). Its shareholders, including its employees and American-based investment firm
Union Square Ventures, however, retained its stakes in the company. In June 2016, after having triggered a mandatory
tender offer in February 2016 by reaching 30% ownership, and then becoming its largest shareholder, Vivendi completed a
hostile takeover of Gameloft with the acquisition of its founders' stake. At the same time, Vivendi also further increased its stake in Ubisoft, which had led to concern from the company's management that Vivendi was also planning a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, however as of 2018 Vivendi is no longer in the position to do so. Vivendi (once the owner of
Blizzard, later Activision Blizzard), searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both
Ubisoft and
Gameloft. The brothers in charge of Ubisoft and Gameloft, Yves Guillemot and Michel Guillemot respectively, view the investments as a hostile takeover attempt, and are raising capital from within the family and from Canadian investors to maintain control of the companies. As of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3.5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12.5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them from selling their shares to Vivendi. As of 20 March 2018, Vivendi has sold all its shares in Ubisoft and
Tencent has bought in in their place. In an auction on 6 June, Vivendi won a bid to acquire Flavorus from
SFX Entertainment for $4 million. Also that month, it acquired Paddington and Company Limited-owner of
Paddington Bear and other properties, and The Copyrights Group. Vivendi declared that it owned 12.3% of
Mediaset in December 2016. In September 2020, Vivendi owns 28.8% of Mediaset. In January 2019, Vivendi completed its €900 million acquisition of
Editis, one of France's major book publishers. In 2019, Vivendi acquired Nigeria's film studio ROK Studios which included its linear channels and VOD service, IROKO+. At the end of the first quarter of 2020, Vivendi completed a partial sale of
Universal Music Group (UMG) to a consortium led by
Tencent, a Chinese media conglomerate. The amount of stake of the world's largest
record label group that has been sold to the consortium is 10% and the valuation of which was $3.3 billion. The Tencent-led consortium retained an option to purchase another 10% at the same valuation until January 2021, which they opted to exercise in December 2020.
Pershing Square Holdings later acquired 10% of UMG prior to its
IPO on the
Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange. The company went public on 21 September 2021, at a valuation of €46 billion. In April, Vivendi bought a 10.6% stake in
Lagardère Group, another French media group, the assets of which include the world's third-largest book publisher
Hachette. By August 2020, Vivendi had doubled its stake in Lagardère to 23.5%, becoming the largest shareholder of the rival group. In October, Vivendi acquired a 12% stake in South Africa's media company,
MultiChoice. In December, Vivendi announced a deal to buy the French media conglomerate Prisma Media from
Bertelsmann. In January 2021, Vivendi bought a 9.9% stake in the Spanish media conglomerate
Prisa. In April 2021, Vivendi acquired Prisma (in which the Bolloré Group is the main shareholder). In September 2021, Vivendi distributed 60% of its UMG shares to shareholders and retained 10% of shares in an IPO at
Euronext Amsterdam. Amber Capital informed Vivendi of its intention to sell all its shares in Lagardère (17.93 of the share capital) and invited Vivendi to make an acquisition offer. Vivendi has acquired Amber Capital's shares for 24.1 euros per share. The transaction will be completed by 15 December 2022, after gaining the approvals required by the current regulations in light of the takeover that could result from the mandatory public offer following this acquisition. In December 2021, Vivendi announced its plan to accelerate the purchase of Amber's stake in Lagardère. , Vivendi owns 57.3% of Lagardère following the latter's IPO. Vivendi offered to divest the book publisher
Editis, as Lagardère already owns
Hachette. In July 2022, Vivendi announced its plan to spin off Editis, anticipating the European competition regulators not to allow Editis and Lagardère Publishing to merge. In July 2023, Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of Gala magazine. The transactions for Editis and Gala magazine were finalized in November 2023.
Split of entertainment, publishing, advertising, and investment businesses On 13 December 2023, Vivendi announced that it was studying a split project to separate its three businesses, Canal+, Havas and its publishing unit (including its stake in Lagardère and Prisma Media) as well as Gameloft and its investments in other companies (Universal Music Group, TIM, MFE, Banijay, Prisa, Telefonica) into four separate companies. On 30 January 2024, the company's supervisory board approved the split project. On 22 July 2024, Vivendi announced that the publishing company post-split would become
Louis Hachette Group while Canal+ and Havas would be listed on the
London Stock Exchange and
Euronext Amsterdam respectively while LHG would trade on Euronext Paris. Canal+ would retain its French corporate status. On 29 October 2024, the company's supervisory board approved the split plan. Vivendi would retain its listing on the Euronext Paris and would continue its operations as an investment company. On 9 December 2024, Vivendi's shareholders approved the split project. The spin-off companies started trading on 16 December 2024. In 2025, the €20 million net income resulted from the 2024 split of Vivendi into several entities, an operation that led to a €6 billion 'loss' for Vivendi due to capital losses from these deconsolidations. As of 31 December 2025, Vivendi own 11.45% of the
Universal Music Group, whilst notifying a short position of 3.49% as well. == Description and location ==