Glottal stop

Features of a glottal stop: • It has no phonation at all, as there is no airflow through the glottis. It is voiceless, however, in the sense that it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. ==Writing==

showing the use of the digit ⟨7⟩ to represent in Squamish. In the traditional romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, a glottal stop is transcribed with the apostrophe ʼ| or the symbol ʾ|, which is the source of the IPA character . In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, (called ʻokina in Hawaiian and Samoan), which is commonly used to transcribe the Arabic ayin as well (also ) and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative . In Malay the glottal stop is represented by the letter (at the end of words), in Võro and Maltese by . Another way of writing the glottal stop is the saltillo , used in languages such as Tlapanec and Rapa Nui. Other scripts also have letters used for representing glottal stops, such as the Hebrew letter aleph and the Cyrillic letter palochka , used in several Caucasian languages. The Arabic script uses hamza , which can appear both as a diacritic and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In Tundra Nenets, it is represented by the letters apostrophe and double apostrophe . In Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character . In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, glottal stops have no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalog , "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern German and Hausa). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog , "love"; or Visayan , "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupyâ) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. basâ, "wet") or a grave accent (known as the paiwà) if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà, "child"). Some Canadian indigenous languages, especially some of the Salishan languages, have adopted the IPA letter into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a casing pair, and. The digit or a question mark is sometimes substituted for , and is preferred in languages such as Squamish. SENĆOŦENwhose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languagescontrastly uses the comma to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional. In 2015, two women in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use the letter in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa, a Chipewyan name, and Sakaeʔah, a Slavey name (the two names are actually cognates). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the , while continuing to challenge the policy. In the Crow language, the glottal stop is written as a question mark . The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a question marker morpheme at the end of a sentence. Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland Argyll dialects of Scottish Gaelic. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered . In the Nawdm language of Ghana, the glottal stop is written ɦ, capital Ĥ. ==In English==

Replacement of /t/ In English, the glottal stop occurs as an open juncture (for example, between the vowel sounds in uh-oh!,) and allophonically in t-glottalization. In British English, the glottal stop is most familiar in the Cockney pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". Geordie English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has a unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a null onset for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels. Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence. In American English, a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the Mid-Atlantic states to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from African American Vernacular English, particularly that of New York City. Before initial vowels Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". ==Occurrence in other languages==

In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian, the glottal stop may be used epenthetically to prevent such a hiatus. There are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish (see stød), Cantonese and Thai. In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, Gimi, in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae Secondary articulation Some languages have glottal stops with secondary articulation (approximant-like release). It has been noted that palatalized and labialized glottal stops, respectively and , are quite similar to the glottalized sonorants and , and either case may be analyzed instead as sequences, and ; the specific interpretation of these sounds is mostly dependent upon how they pattern with other sounds within a particular language's phonological structure. Most languages which have secondarily articulated glottal stops only have either a palatalized or a labialized variant, often in contrast with a plain glottal stop. However, the Abzakh dialect of Adyghe, a Northwest Caucasian language, as well as Vadi, a Benue–Congo language, both have been reported to have a three-way contrast between plain, palatalized, and labialized glottal stops. Some varieties of Arabic, such as Aleppo and Shihhi, have an allophonic pharyngealized glottal stop , typically classed as an emphatic consonant. This sound is also found as an allophone in Chechen, a Northeast Caucasian language. As with the ambiguity noted in the examples above, several Salishan languages have a very similar phoneme analyzed instead as a glottalized pharyngeal approximant . Table The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's spoken languages: ==See also==