List of grand dukes of Tuscany

Margraves reigned in the 9th century when the region was part of the Margraviate of Tuscany. Beginning in the 11th century, the region was fully divided into several independent cities, which included Pisa, Florence, Siena, Lucca, Arezzo among others. However, with the territorial expansion of Florence, Tuscany began to "come together" again under one single leadership. This situation became even clearer with the creation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1569. Over the years, the Grand duchy managed to absorb practically the entire region of present-day Tuscany, until its own final annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. ==Medici grand dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737==

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was the first period after centuries of political divisions, when most of the region was under the rule of a single leader. The Grand Duchy's territory comprised almost the entire region of present-day Tuscany, with the exception of the Republic of Lucca, the Principality of Piombino, the Duchy of Massa and Carrara and the State of the Presidi. ==Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801==

==Bourbon-Parma kings of Etruria, 1801–1807==

Period that the Bourbon-Parma were placed as "Kings" by Napoleon in the Kingdom of Etruria. The Kingdom was a creation of Napoleon to replace the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, comprising a large part of modern Tuscany. == Bonaparte grand ducal ruler of Tuscany, 1809–1814 ==

Tuscany was annexed by France in 1807. Napoleon's sister, Elisa Bonaparte, was given the title "Grand Duchess of Tuscany" in 1809, a title de jure sovereign but de facto honorary. ==Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860==

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia on 22 March 1860. ==See also==