E-V68 (E1b1b1a) E-V68, is dominated by its longer-known subclade E-M78. Three "E-V68*" individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in
Sardinia, by , when announcing the discovery of V68. The authors noted that because E-V68* was not found in the Middle Eastern samples, this appears to be evidence of maritime migration from Africa to southwestern Europe.
E-M78 is a commonly occurring subclade, widely distributed in
North Africa, the
Horn of Africa,
West Asia, (the Middle East and Near East) "up to Southern Asia", The European distribution has a frequency peak centered in parts of the
Balkans (up to almost 50% in some areas) and Sicily, and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe. Based on genetic
STR variance data, suggests that E-M78 originated in the region of
Egypt and
Libya. about 18,600 years ago (17,300 – 20,000 years ago). describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related subclades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersal from Egypt) may have been in a
refugium which "existed on the border of present-day
Sudan and Egypt, near
Lake Nubia, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of
Mesolithic foragers northwards in Africa, the
Levant and ultimately onward to
Asia Minor and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches". Towards the south, also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive
desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago". And similarly, propose that E-M78 in Ethiopia, Somalia and surrounding areas, back-migrated to this region from the direction of Egypt after acquiring the E-M78 mutation. Recently, E-M78 was dated by Trombetta et al. 2015. between 20,300 and 14,800 years ago. and a different young one in Armenia) makes a maritime movement from northern Africa to southern Europe the most plausible hypothesis so far to explain its distribution. Yfull lists 24 individuals, all of whom belong to a single branch that is 30% younger than their common ancestor with M81.
E-M81 E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in the
Maghreb, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest Africa and has an estimated age of 4700 ybp. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 61% in the
Maghreb and 51% in
North Africa, decreasing in frequency from approximately 80% to 100% in Berber populations, including Saharawis, to approximately 29% to the east of this range in Egypt. Because of its young age and prevalence among these groups and also others such as
Mozabite,
Middle Atlas,
Kabyle and other
Berber groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". report high levels amongst
Tuareg in two
Saharan populations – 77.8% near
Gorom-Gorom, in
Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from
Gosi in
Mali. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of
Tanut in
Niger. E-M81 is also quite common among
Maghrebi Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of
Algeria and
Tunisia (
Jijel,
Oran,
Tizi Ouzou,
Algiers,
Tunis,
Sousse). In this key area from Egypt to the
Atlantic Ocean, report a M183-SM001 pattern of decreasing
microsatellite haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in the former areas) from the
Reguibat tribe in
Oran and they found M183* (not SM001) in Iberia, Libya and Morocco. however showed microsatellite variation decrease from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in
el-Hayez in the
Libyan Desert in Egypt. believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a "
demic diffusion" from the East. There is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East (there is one in Lebanon), indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in North Africa, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa. In Europe, E-M81 is widespread but rare, in the
Iberian Peninsula shows an average frequency of 4% (45/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 3.5% in
Galicia, 4% in Western
Andalusia and Northwest
Castile. However this study includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.1% (40/963), it is found at comparable levels to E-M78, with an average frequency of around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in
Extremadura and southern Portugal, 4% to 5% in
Galicia, 5% in western
Andalusia and 4% in northwest
Castile and 9% to 17% in
Cantabria. to 41% (23/56). E-M81 is also found in
France, 0,7% to 5,8% in
Sardinia, approximately 2.12% overall in
Sicily (but up to 7.14% in
Piazza Armerina), and in very much lower frequency near
Lucera (1.7%), in continental
Italy, As a result of its old world distribution, this subclade is found throughout
Brazil 5.4% in
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), and among
Hispanic men from
California and
Hawaii 2.4%. In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with
North Africa, both around the
Sahara, in places like
Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like
Lebanon,
Turkey, and amongst
Sephardi Jews. There are two recognized subclades of E-M81, although one is much more important than the other. The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient
Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul,
El Hierro,
Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).
E-M107 found one example of E-M107 in
Mali.
E-M183 E-M183 is extremely dominant (more than 99%) within E-M81. first described it as a subclade of E-M81. The known subclades of E-M183 include: •
E-M165 found one example in Middle East. •
E-L351 Found in two related participants in The E-M35 Phylogeny Project.
E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2) This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, E-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-V1515 (E-M293, E-V42, E-V6, E-V92), and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project] recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
E-PF2431 E-PF2431 is a minor subclade of E-L19 mostly found in Europe, with smaller but notable frequencies in the Middle East/North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. This haplogroup has been identified among Phoenicians from Motya, ancient Romans from Pompeii, and Medieval Arabs.
E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2) This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, E-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-V1515 (E-M293, E-V42, E-V6, E-V92), and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project] recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
E-M123 E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.
E-V1515 A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6–16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.
E-V6 The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6. identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia and also some in the neighboring
Somalis. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Amhara and 16.7% among the
Wolayta. To the south, identified one V6+ man in a sample of 35 Datooga of Tanzania. And further to the north, identified another 6 men in a sample of 93 from the
Siwa Oasis, which is a Berber population
E-V92 announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Amharas. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia. ==Phylogenetics==