The vast majority of living individuals carrying F-M89 belong to subclades of GHIJK. By comparison, cases of the paragroup F(xG,H,I,J,K) – that is, either basal F* (M89) or the primary subclades F1 (P91; P104), F2 (M427; M428) and F3 (M481) – are relatively rare worldwide.
F(xG,H,I,J,K) A lack of precise, high resolution testing in the past makes it difficult to discuss F*, F1, F2* and F3* separately.
ISOGG states that F(xG,H,I,J,K) has not been well studied, occurs "infrequently" in modern populations and peaks in
South Asia, especially
Sri Lanka. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal,
South China,
Thailand,
Burma, and
Vietnam. In
Central Asia, examples of F(xG,H,I,J,K) have been reported in individuals from
Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan. Kutanan
et al. (2020) have found F*-M89 in 50.0% (8/16) of a sample of Red
Lahu, 47.1% (8/17) of a sample of Black Lahu, and 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of
Lisu in
Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand. All these
Loloish-speaking members of F*-M89 in northwestern Thailand have been found to be quite closely related in the paternal line, with the
TMRCA of their Y-DNA estimated to be 584 years before present. However, the aforementioned Y-chromosomes are only distantly related to instances of F*-M89 observed in samples of other populations of Thailand, including 5.6% (1/18) of a sample of
Phuan from
Central Thailand, 11.8% (2/17) of a sample of
Soa from
Northeast Thailand, and 29% (2/7) of a sample of
Saek from
Northeast Thailand. The TMRCA of the Loloish cluster from
North Thailand and the Y-DNA of the Phuan individual from Central Thailand has been estimated to be 12,675 years before present. The TMRCA of the F*-M89 cluster from Northeast Thailand has been estimated to be 6,492 years before present. The TMRCA of all these F*-M89 individuals from Thailand has been estimated to be 16,006 years before present. There is also evidence of westward
Paleolithic back-migration of F(xG,H,I,J,K) from South Asia, to
Iran,
Arabia and
North East Africa, as well as subclades of haplogroup K to
South-East Europe. Neolithic migration into Europe from
Southwest Asia, by
first wave of farmers in Europe has been put forward as the source of F and G2a found in European
Neolithic remains, dating from circa 4000 BCE. These remains, according to Herrerra et al. (2012) showed a "greater genetic similarity" to "individuals from the modern Near East" than to modern Europeans. F(xG,H,I,J,K)
may have been found in
Bronze Age remains from Europe, namely the individuals known as
DEB 20 and
DEB 38, who lived about 7,000–7,210 BP, and were found at the
Derenburg Meerenstieg II site in Germany. (An individual known to scholars as "
Oase 1", who lived circa 37,800 years BP in Eastern Europe, was initially classified as belonging either to paragroup F(xGHIJK) or within
K.) • found higher in
Philippines, and
Indonesia Some cases reported amongst modern populations of Europeans, Native Americans and Pacific Islanders may be due to migration and admixture of F(xG,H,I,J,K), as a result of contact with South and/or South East Asia, during the early modern era (16th–19th Century). • higher among
Seminole and
Boruca Native Americans; • rare cases in the
Netherlands; In
Iran, 2.3% of
Bandari males from
Hormozgan Province have been found to carry basal F-M89. Haplogroup F-M89 has also been observed in Northeast Africa among two
Christian period individuals, who were excavated on the
Nile's
Fourth Cataract and on
Meroe Island. The remains of the
Bacho-Kiro cave prehistoric individual F6-620 / AA7-738, from
Initial Upper Paleolithic, dated to between 45,930 and 42,580
calibrated years before present, carry also the basal lineage of the Y chromosome haplogroup F-M89.
F1 (P91) This subclade is defined by the SNP P91. It is most common in
Sri Lanka.
F2 (M427) F2 Y-chromosomes have been reported among minorities from the borderlands of
South China (
Yunnan and
Guizhou),
Thailand,
Burma, and
Vietnam, namely the
Yi and
Kucong or Lahu Shi ("Yellow Lahu"), a subgroup of the
Lahu.
F3 (M481) The newly defined and rare subclade F3 (M481; previously F5) has been found in India and Nepal, among the
Tharu people and in
Andhra Pradesh. F-M481 should not be confused with
Haplogroup H2 (L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96), which was previously misclassified under F-M89, as "F3".
Haplogroup GHIJK Basal GHIJK has never been found, either in living males or ancient remains. Subclades – including some major haplogroups – are widespread in modern populations of the
Central Asia,
South Asia,
Middle East,
Caucasus,
Europe,
South East Asia,
Pacific Islands and
Native Americans. ==Phylogenetics==