Haplogroups A and B Haplogroup A is the NRY (
non-recombining Y) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among
Khoisan populations in the southwest and
Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the
Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows: •
Haplogroup A •
Haplogroup A00 •
Haplogroup A0 (formerly also A1b) •
Haplogroup A1 (also A1a-T) • Haplogroup A1a (M31) • Haplogroup A1b (also A2-T; P108, V221) • Haplogroup A1b1a1 (also A2; M14) • Haplogroup A1b1b (also A3; M32) •
Haplogroup BT (M91, M42, M94, M139, M299) •
Haplogroup B (M60) •
Haplogroup CT Haplogroup CT (P143) The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old.
Haplogroup C (M130) •
Haplogroup C (M130, M216)
Found in Asia, Oceania, and North America •
Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426) • Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043) •
Haplogroup C1a1 (M8, M105, M131)
Found with low frequency in Japan •
Haplogroup C1a2 (V20)
Found with low frequency in Europe, Armenians, and Nepal • Haplogroup C1b (F1370, Z16480) • Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281) • Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458) •
Haplogroup C1b1a1 (M356)
Found with low frequency in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and northern China • Haplogroup C1b1a2 (B65) • Haplogroup C1b1a2a (B67) ''Found among
Lebbo' people in Borneo, Indonesia'' • Haplogroup C1b1a2b (F725)
Found among Han Chinese (Guangdong, Hunan, and Shaanxi), Dai people (Yunnan), Murut people (Brunei), Malay people (Singapore), and Aeta people (Philippines) • Haplogroup C1b1a3 (Z16582)
Found with low frequency in Saudi Arabia and Iraq • Haplogroup C1b1b (B68)
Found among Dusun people (Brunei) • Haplogroup C1b2 (C-Z16582) •
Haplogroup C1b3 (B477/Z31885) • Haplogroup C1b3a (M38)
Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia • Haplogroup C1b3b (M347, P309)
Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia •
Haplogroup C2 (M217, P44)
Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples Haplogroup D (CTS3946) •
Haplogroup D (CTS3946) •
Haplogroup D1 (M174)
Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands • Haplogroup D1a (CTS11577) •
Haplogroup D1a1 (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263) • Haplogroup D1a1a (M15)
Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Yi, and Hmong-Mien peoples • Haplogroup D1a1b (P99)
Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Naxi, and Turkic peoples •
Haplogroup D1a2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2)
Found mainly in Japan •
Haplogroup D1a3 (Y34637)
Found in Andamanese peoples (Onge, Jarawa) • Haplogroup D1b (L1366, L1378, M226.2)
Found in Mactan Island, Philippines • Haplogroup D2 (A5580.2)
Found in Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Syria Haplogroup E (M96) •
Haplogroup E (M40, M96)
Found in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Europe •
Haplogroup E1 (P147) •
Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132)
formerly E1 •
Haplogroup E1b (P177) •
Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p);
formerly E3 •
Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) •
Haplogroup E1b1a1 (M2)
Found in Africa, especially among Niger–Congo-speaking populations.;
formerly E3a •
Haplogroup E1b1a2 (M329)
Found in Africa, especially in Ethiopia among Omotic-speaking populations.;
formerly E3* •
Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) •
Haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35)
Found in Horn of Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean and the Balkans);
formerly E3b •
Haplogroup E2 (M75)
Haplogroup F (M89) The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in
South Asia, especially
Sri Lanka. F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and
South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the
Tamang people (Nepal), and in
Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal,
South China,
Thailand,
Burma, and
Vietnam. In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of
Haplogroup GHIJK.
Haplogroup G (M201) Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the
Neolithic Revolution. It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the
Caucasus,
Iran,
Anatolia and the
Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in
Gagauzia, southeastern
Romania,
Greece,
Italy,
Spain,
Portugal,
Tyrol, and
Bohemia with highest concentrations on some
Mediterranean islands; uncommon in
Northern Europe. G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern
China and
India,
Bangladesh,
Pakistan,
Sri Lanka,
Malaysia, and
North Africa. •
Haplogroup G1 •
Haplogroup G2 •
Haplogroup G2a •
Haplogroup G2a1 •
Haplogroup G2a2 •
Haplogroup G2a3 •
Haplogroup G2a3a •
Haplogroup G2a3b •
Haplogroup G2a3b1 •
Haplogroup G2b •
Haplogroup G2c (formerly Haplogroup G5) •
Haplogroup G2c1 Haplogroup H (M69) Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in
Southern Central Asia,
South Asia or
West Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula. However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the
Medieval era with the migration of the
Roma people.
Haplogroup I (M170) Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in
Europe and the
Caucasus. •
Haplogroup I1 (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe •
Haplogroup I2 (P215) Found mainly in Balkans, southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is found at a moderate frequency in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
Haplogroup J (M304) Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35) is found mainly in the
Middle East,
Caucasus and
South-East Europe. • Haplogroup J* (J-M304*) is rare outside the island of
Socotra. •
Haplogroup J1 (M267) are associated with
Northeast Caucasian peoples in
Dagestan and
Semitic languages speaking people in the Middle East,
Ethiopia, and
North Africa and also found in Mediterranean Europe in smaller frequencies much like haplogroup T. •
Haplogroup J2 (M172) is found mainly in the
Semitic-speaking peoples,
Anatolia,
Greece, the
Balkans,
Italy,
Iran, the
Caucasus,
South Asia, and
Central Asia.
Haplogroup K (M9) Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over
Eurasia,
Oceania and among
Native Americans. K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in
Melanesia,
Aboriginal Australians,
India,
Polynesia and
Island South East Asia.
Haplogroups L and T (K1) Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the
Horn of Africa (mainly
Cushitic-speaking peoples), parts of
South Asia, the
Middle East, and the
Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of
Sciaccensi,
Stilfser,
Egyptians,
Omanis,
Sephardi Jews,
Ibizans (Eivissencs), and
Toubou. It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the
Mediterranean and
South Asia.
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526) The only living males reported to carry the basal
paragroup K2* are
indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of
Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.
Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1 Haplogroup N Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the
Uralic languages. Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into
Siberia, being the most common group found in some
Uralic-speaking peoples.
Haplogroup O Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in
East Asia and
Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the
South Pacific,
Central Asia,
South Asia, and islands in the
Indian Ocean (
e.g. Madagascar, the Comoros). • Haplogroup O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422) •
Haplogroup O1a (M119, CTS31, F589/Page20, L246, L466)
Found in eastern, central, and southern Mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples •
Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268) •
Haplogroup O1b1 (M95)
Found in Japan, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austroasiatic- and Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples, Malays, and Indonesians •
Haplogroup O1b2 (SRY465, M176)
Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia •
Haplogroup O2 (M122)
Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia Haplogroups K2b1, M & S No examples of the basal
paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying
subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among
Papuan peoples,
Micronesian peoples,
indigenous Australians, and
Polynesians. Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups: •
Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a: found in the highlands of
Papua New Guinea and; •
Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b: found in
New Guinea and Melanesia.
Haplogroup P (K2b2) Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches:
P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare
P2 (P-B253). P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of
Luzon in the
Philippines. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in
Eastern Siberia and
Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland
South East Asia and
South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia. P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades: •
Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and; •
Haplogroup R (R-M207). These share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs. Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36)
found in Siberia and the Americas Haplogroup R (M207, M306):
found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia Haplogroup Q M242 Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in
Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008
ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations The 2008 ISOGG tree • Q (M242) • Q* • Q1 (P36.2) • Q1* • Q1a (MEH2) • Q1a* • Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14)
Found with low frequency among Bhutanese, Dungans, Han Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Mongolians, Naxi, and Tibetans • Q1a2 (M25, M143)
Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia • Q1a3 (M346) • Q1a3*
Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet •
Q1a3a (M3)
Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas • Q1a3a* • Q1a3a1 (M19)
Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu • Q1a3a2 (M194) • Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292) • Q1a4 (P48) • Q1a5 (P89) • Q1a6 (M323)
Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews • Q1b (M378)
Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis Haplogroup R (M207) Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of
Haplogroup R is represented in the descendant subclade
R1 (M173), which originated in
Siberia. R1 has two descendant subclades:
R1a and
R1b. R1a is associated with the
proto-Indo-Iranian and
Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found predominantly in
Central Asia,
South Asia, and
Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of
Asia and
Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the
Italo-Celtic and
Germanic peoples. •
Haplogroup R1 (M173)
Found throughout western Eurasia •
Haplogroup R1a (M420)
Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, Balkans •
Haplogroup R1b (M343)
Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and northern Cameroon •
Haplogroup R2 (M124)
Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe ==Chronological development of haplogroups==