Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study. Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Asian origin hypothesis The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following: • Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia. • The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia. • It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans. • The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia. A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain. African origin hypothesis According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa. In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there). ==Distribution==

Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M. Subgroups distribution Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y. Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture (Cardium pottery) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern Algeria. • Haplogroup N1'5 • Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa. • N1a'c'd'e'I • N1a'd'e'I • N1a'e'I • Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of Neolithic Europe, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of Anatolia. • N1a1'2 • N1a1 • N1a1a • N1a1a-T152C! • N1a1a1 • N1a1a1a • N1a1a1a1 • N1a1a1a1a • N1a1a1a2 • N1a1a1a3 • N1a1a1b • N1a1a2 • N1a1a3 • N1a1b • N1a1b1 • N1e'I • Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs, Burushos, – West Eurasia and South Asia. • N1a2 • N1a3 • N1a3a • N1a3a1 • N1a3a1a • N1a3a2 • N1a3a3 • N1d • N1c • Haplogroup N1b – found in Middle East, Egypt (Gurna), Caucasus and Europe. • N1b1 • N1b1a • N1b1a1 • N1b1a2 • N1b1a2a • N1b1a2b • N1b1a3 • N1b1a-G16129A! • N1b1a4 • N1b1a4a • N1b1a5 – found in Portugal and Uzbekistan • N1b1a6 • N1b1a-T195C! • N1b1a7 • N1b1a8 • N1b1a8a • N1b1a8b • N1b1b • N1b1b1 – found in Ashkenazi Jews and other populations, formerly called N1b2. It is believed to be of Middle Eastern origin, • N1b2 • Haplogroup N5 – found in India. • N2a1 • N2a2 • Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia • Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus • Haplogroup N3a • Haplogroup N3a1 • Haplogroup N3b • Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia • Haplogroup N7a • Haplogroup N7a1 • Haplogroup N7a2 • Haplogroup N7b • Haplogroup N8 – found in China. • Haplogroup N9 – found in Far East.] • Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, etc.), She, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea,] • Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, etc.) [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 12,800) ybp Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province,), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing) • Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami) • Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou) • Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami) • Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou) • N9a10-T16311C! • Haplogroup N9a10b – China • Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang (Pai District) – found especially among Nivkhs, Ulchs, Nanais, Negidals, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols, Koryaks, Itelmens, Chinese, Japanese, Tajiks, Island Southeast Asians (including Taiwanese aborigines), and some Turkic peoples [TMRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95% etc.), Japanese, Korea, Russia • Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island), Khamnigan, Uyghur, Canada • Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa (Cape Coloured) [TMRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95% • N11a • N11a1 • N11a1a – ethnicity unknown, Zhejiang (eastern China) • N11a1b – Uyghur, Xinjiang (western China) • N11a2 – ethnicity unknown, China • N11b – Mamanwa, Philippines • Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians • Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians • Haplogroup N21 – Temuan, Semelai, Thailand, Khmer, ethnic Malays from Malaysia and Indonesia. • N21-T195C! - Thailand (Southern Thai, Phutai), Cambodia (Khmer from Kampong Thom) • N21a - Malaysia (Temuan) • N21a1 (N21a+T3552C) - Malaysia (Temuan, Semelai) • N21a2 (N21a+G11150A) - Cham, Indonesia (Semende from southern Sumatra), Thailand (Karen) • N21a2a (N21a2+A13716G) - Vietnam (Giarai) • N21a3 (N21a+T12189C) - Thailand (Tai Yuan) • N21+T195C!+A16182G • N21+T195C!+A16182G+T9325C - Myanmar (Burman), China (Mosuo), Thailand (Blang) • N21+T195C!+A16182G+G15043A - Myanmar (Burman), Thailand (Blang, Tai Yuan), Vietnam (Hà Nhì) • N21+T195C!+A16182G+G15217A - Thailand (Central Thai), Sri Lanka (Tamil) • N21+T195C!+A16182G+G4512A - Thailand (Bru) • N21+T195C!+T7220C - Thai • N21+T195C!+T7220C+T14153C - Myanmar (Burman), Thailand (Central Thai) • N21+T195C!+G16129A! - Cham, Vietnam (Giarai) • N21+T195C!+A731G - Cham • N21+T195C!+A731G+A6791T - Vietnam (Mnong) • Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan • N22a • Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans. • Haplogroup O or N12 - found among Indigenous Australians and the Floresians of Indonesia. • Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians. • Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas. – a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup. ==Subclades==

Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research. • N • N1'5 • N1 • N1a'c'd'e'I • N1a'd'e'I • N1a'e'I • N1a • N1a1 • N1a1a • N1e'I • I • N1e • N1d • N1c • N1b • N1b1 • N1b1a • N1b1b • N1b1c • N1b1d • N1b2 • N5 • N2 • N2a • W • N3 • N3a • N3a1 • N3b • N7 • N7a • N7a1 • N7a2 • N7b • N8 • N9 • N9a • N9a1'3 • N9a1 • N9a3 • N9a2'4'5 • N9a2 • N9a2a'b • N9a2a • N9a2b • N9a2c • N9a2d • N9a4 • N9a5 • N9a6 • N9a6a • N9b • N9b1 • N9b1a • N9b1b • N9b1c • N9b1c1 • N9b2 • N9b3 • Y • N10 • N10a • N10b • N11 • N11a • N11a1 • N11a2 • N11b • N13 • N14 • N21 • N22 • A • O • O1 • S • X • R ==See also==