's death in 1790. The red line marks the borders of the
Holy Roman Empire. The territories ruled by the Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs: • The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of
Austria and
Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern
Italy and (before 1797) southwestern
Germany. To these were added in 1779 the
Inn Quarter of Bavaria and in 1803 the
Prince-Bishoprics of
Trent and
Brixen. The
Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the
Congress of Vienna 1815, with the exception of Further Austria. The Hereditary provinces included: •
Archduchy of Austria •
Upper Austria •
Lower Austria •
Inner Austria •
Duchy of Styria •
Duchy of Carinthia •
Duchy of Carniola • The
Imperial Free City of Trieste •
Margraviate of Istria (although much of Istria was
Venetian territory until 1797) •
Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca •
County of Tyrol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803 •
Duchy of Salzburg •
Further Austria, mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol. •
Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century) • The
Vorlande, a group of territories in
Breisgau and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the
Alsatian territories (
Sundgau) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648) •
Grand Duchy of Salzburg (only after 1805), 1741 • The
Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The
Bohemian Diet elected
Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, as king in 1526. Initially consisting of the five lands: •
Kingdom of Bohemia •
Margraviate of Moravia •
Silesia, Most of Silesia was conquered by
Prussia in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as
Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Austrian Silesia). •
Lusatia, was ceded to
Saxony in 1635. •
Upper Lusatia •
Lower Lusatia • The
Kingdom of Hungary – two-thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the
Ottoman Empire and the Princes of vassal Ottoman
Transylvania, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom, which remained to be officially referred as the
Kingdom of Hungary. In 1699, at the end of the
Ottoman–Habsburg wars, one part of the territories that were administered by the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg administration, with some other areas being acquired in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the
Sava and
Danube rivers, remained under Ottoman administration). •
Kingdom of Croatia •
Military Frontier '', symbolizing a Habsburg-dominated Europe against the incursions of the Ottoman Turks, 1756 Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were
secundogenitures, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty): •
Serbia occupation (1686–1691) •
Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868) •
Duchy of Milan (1706–1797) •
Duchy of Mantua (1706–1797) •
Kingdom of Naples (1707–1735) •
Kingdom of Sardinia (1707–1720) •
State of the Presidi (1707–1733) •
Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern
Belgium and
Luxembourg (1713–1795) •
Grand Principality of Transylvania, between 1699 (
Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1867 (Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) •
Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) •
Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778) •
Banat of Craiova (1718–1739
de facto, 1716–1737) •
Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735) •
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1735–1748) •
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern
Poland and
Ukraine (1772–1918) •
Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918) •
Serbia occupation (1788–1791) •
West Galicia, the Polish lands, including
Kraków, taken in the
Third Partition (1795–1809) •
Venetia (1797–1805) •
Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918) •
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1814–1866) •
Grand Duchy of Kraków, which was incorporated into
Galicia (1846–1918) •
Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849) de facto entity, officially unrecognized •
Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860) •
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) •
Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1908) •
Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of
Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.
Characteristics of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, used between the years 1815–1866 and 1867–1915. Within the early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid-17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under
Maria Theresa and especially her son
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the
Metternichian period that followed. Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various
revolutions of 1848. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under
martial law, being divided into a series of military districts, and the
Diet of Hungary was forced to dissolve after the
revolution was suppressed by Austrian troops under the command of
Julius Jacob von Haynau. Following the Habsburg defeats in the
Second Italian War of Independence (1859) and
Austro-Prussian War (1866), these policies were gradually abandoned. After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of
Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the
Reichsrat, or
Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name – the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was
annexed (after 30 years of
occupation and administration), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance. During the
dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Austrian territories collapsed under the weight of the various ethnic independence movements that came to the fore with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of
Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the
First Hungarian Republic were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to
Romania and
Italy and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of
Poland, the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and
Czechoslovakia. ==Other lines==