Herbert Backe

Herbert Backe was born in Batumi, Georgia, the son of a retired Prussian lieutenant turned trader. His mother was a Caucasus German, whose family had emigrated from Württemberg to Russia in the early 19th century. He studied at the Tbilisi gymnasium (grammar school) from 1905 and was interned on the outbreak of World War I as an enemy alien because he was a citizen of Prussia. This experience of being imprisoned for being German and witnessing the beginning of the Russian Revolution made Backe an anti-communist. Backe moved to Germany during the Russian Civil War with the help of the Swedish Red Cross. In Germany, he initially worked as a laborer, and enrolled to study agronomy at the University of Göttingen in 1920. After completing his studies he briefly worked in agriculture and then became an assistant lecturer on agricultural geography at Hanover Technical University. In 1926, he submitted his doctoral dissertation to the University of Göttingen, but it was rejected. "Backe's thesis was in fact a manifesto for racial imperialism", where an upper class of German occupiers would fight against the local, 'ethnically inferior' population for the control of their foodstuff. Backe joined the SA in 1922, and in 1925 he joined the Nazi Party at Hanover. After the dissolution of the regional political entity (Gau) for South-Hanover, Backe let his membership expire. In 1927, Backe was inspector and administrator on a big farm in Pomerania. In 1928, he was married to Ursula. With financial support of his father-in-law, in November 1928 he became tenant of domain Hornsen, with around 950 acres in the district of Alfeld. He proceeded to lead the farm successfully. On 27 October 1933, after the Nazi seizure of power, Backe became the State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and in the same month he joined the SS. Backe became a member of the Prussian State Council and in October 1936 he was made the agricultural representative to Hermann Göring's Four Year Plan. When Reichsminister of Food and Agriculture Richard Walther Darré was placed on an extended leave of absence on 23 May 1942, Backe was charged with carrying out his responsibilities, among which was his role as Reich Farmers Leader in the Nazi Party national leadership, though nominally remaining State Secretary. On 9 November 1942, Backe was promoted to SS-Senior Group Leader (SS-Obergruppenführer), a rank roughly equivalent to lieutenant general. On 6 April 1944, Hitler named Backe as Darré's successor as Reichsminister of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Backe was a prominent member of the younger generation of Nazi technocrats who occupied second-tier administrative positions in the Nazi system, such as Reinhard Heydrich, Werner Best, and Wilhelm Stuckart. Like Stuckart, who held the real power in the Interior Ministry (officially led by Wilhelm Frick) and Wilhelm Ohnesorge in the Reich Postal Ministry (officially led by the conservative Paul Eltz-Rübenach), Backe had already been the de facto Reichsminister of Food and Agriculture under Darré, even before he formally attained the position. ==Hunger Plan==

Alfred Rosenberg, the Reichsminister for the Occupied Eastern Territories nominated Backe as the Secretary of State of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine where he could implement his radical and racist policies, the Hunger Plan (Der Hungerplan, or Der Backe-Plan). Its objective was to inflict deliberate mass starvation on the Slavic civilian populations under German occupation by directing all food supplies to the German home population and the German Armed forces on the Eastern Front. The most important accomplice of Herbert Backe was Hans-Joachim Riecke, who headed the agricultural section of the Economic Staff East. According to the historian Timothy Snyder, "4.2 million Soviet citizens (largely Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians) were starved by the German occupiers in 1941–1944" as a direct, attributable result of Backe's designs. ==Arrest and suicide==

Backe was retained as Reichsminister of Food and Agriculture in Hitler's will and he remained in that position in the short-lived Flensburg Government led by Grossadmiral Karl Dönitz until 23 May 1945. After the German Instrument of Surrender, Backe was ordered by the allies to fly to Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims, along with Julius Dorpmüller, the Reichsminister of Transport. Backe thought the Americans would need him as an expert to handle Germany's imminent starvation and had prepared himself for an expected conversation on that subject with General Dwight D. Eisenhower; he was surprised when he was arrested instead. In a letter to his wife on 31 January 1946, he defended Nazism as one of the "greatest ideas of all times", which "found its strongest blow in the National Socialist agricultural policy". In Allied captivity, Backe was interrogated during the Nuremberg trials of 21 February and 14 March 1947. In his cell in the Nuremberg war criminals' prison, Backe wrote two treatises: a so-called "big report" about his life and his work on Nazism, and a testament outline for his wife Ursula and his four children, dated 31 January 1946. Due to his fear of being extradited to the Soviet Union, Backe committed suicide by hanging himself in his prison cell on 6 or 7 April 1947. ==See also==