Carmichael composed several hundred songs, including fifty that achieved hit-record status during his long career. In his early days as a songwriter in
Indiana (1924–1929), he wrote and performed in the
Hot Jazz improvisational style, popular with jazz dance bands. While he was living in New York City (1929–1936), he wrote songs that were intended to stand alone, independent of any other production, such as a theatrical performance or a motion picture. Carmichael's songs from this period continued to include jazz influences. During his later years in California (1936–1981), his songs were predominately
instrumentals. Nearly four dozen were written expressly for, or were incorporated into, motion pictures. Carmichael made hundreds of recordings between 1925 and his death in 1981. He also appeared on radio and television and in motion pictures and live performances, where he demonstrated his versatility. Because Carmichael lacked the vocal strength to sing without amplification on stage, as well as the unusual tone of his voice, which he described as "flatsy through the nose," he took advantage of new electrical technologies, especially the microphone, sound amplification, and advances in recording. As a singer-pianist, Carmichael was adept at selling his songs to lyricists,
music publishers, film producers, and promoting them to the public via microphones on stage and in mass media.
Early years On October 31, 1927, Carmichael recorded "
Star Dust," one of his most famous songs, at the
Gennett Records studio in
Richmond, Indiana, playing the piano solo himself. Carmichael recruited
Frank Trumbauer and Bix Beiderbecke, along with members of the
Paul Whiteman Orchestra that included the Dorsey brothers, to play at the late October recording session with him; it is not known which of the orchestra's musicians were at the October 31 session when "Star Dust" was initially recorded. New York's
Mills Music published the song as an upbeat piano solo in January 1929 and renamed it "Stardust." (Mills Music republished the song with the addition of Mitchell Parish's lyrics in May 1929.) "Stardust" attracted little attention until 1930, when
Isham Jones and his orchestra recorded it as a sentimental ballad with a slower tempo, the re-timing often credited to the band's arranger,
Victor Young. It became a hit song, the first of many for Carmichael. Its idiosyncratic melody in medium tempo–a song about a song–later became a standard of the
Great American Songbook, recorded by hundreds of artists, including
Artie Shaw,
Nat King Cole,
Ella Fitzgerald,
Frank Sinatra,
Willie Nelson, and
Wynton Marsalis. Carmichael received more recognition after Paul Whiteman and his orchestra recorded "
Washboard Blues" on
Victor Records in Chicago in November 1927, with Carmichael singing and playing the piano. Carmichael's "March of the Hoodlums" and Sheldon Brooks's "Walkin' the Dog" were produced from Carmichael's last recording session at the Gennett Records studio on May 2, 1928, with a band he had hand-selected. In 1929, after realizing that he preferred making music and had no aptitude for or interest in becoming a lawyer (he was sacked from his job at the law firm), Carmichael moved to New York City, where he worked for a brokerage firm during the weekdays and spent his evenings composing music, including some songs for
Hollywood musicals. In New York, Carmichael met
Duke Ellington's agent and
sheet music publisher,
Irving Mills, and hired him to set up recording dates. Carmichael's first major song with his own lyrics was "
Rockin' Chair," recorded by
Louis Armstrong and
Mildred Bailey, and eventually with his own hand-picked studio band (featuring Beiderbecke,
Bubber Miley,
Benny Goodman,
Tommy Dorsey,
Bud Freeman,
Eddie Lang,
Joe Venuti, and
Gene Krupa) on May 21, 1930.
1930s After the
October 1929 stock market crash, Carmichael's hard-earned savings declined substantially. Fortunately, Louis Armstrong had recorded "
Rockin' Chair" at
Okeh studios in 1929, giving Carmichael a badly needed financial and career boost. The song became one of Carmichael's jazz standards. Carmichael composed and recorded "
Georgia on My Mind" (lyrics by
Stuart Gorrell) in 1930. The song became another jazz staple, as well as a pop standard, especially after
World War II. Carmichael also arranged and recorded "
Up a Lazy River" in 1930, a tune by
Sidney Arodin. Although Carmichael and the band he assembled had first recorded "Stardust" as an instrumental in 1927,
Bing Crosby recorded the tune with Mitchell Parish's lyrics in 1931. Carmichael joined
ASCAP in 1931. The following year he began working as a songwriter for
Ralph Peer's Southern Music Company, the first music firm to occupy the new
Brill Building, which became a famous New York songwriting mecca. The
Great Depression rapidly put an end to the jazz scene of the
Roaring Twenties. People were no longer attending clubs or buying music, forcing many musicians out of work. Carmichael was fortunate to retain his low-paying but stable job as a songwriter with Southern Music. Beiderbecke's early death in 1931 also darkened Carmichael's mood. Of that time, he wrote later: "I was tiring of jazz and I could see that other musicians were tiring as well. The boys were losing their enthusiasm for the hot stuff…. No more hot licks, no more thrills." Carmichael's eulogy for "hot" jazz, however, was premature.
Big band swing was just around the corner, and jazz soon turned in another direction with new bandleaders, such as
Benny Goodman,
Jimmy and
Tommy Dorsey, and new singers, such as
Bing Crosby, leading the way. Carmichael's output followed the changing trend. In 1933 he began a long-lasting collaboration with lyricist
Johnny Mercer, newly arrived in New York, on "
Lazybones," which became a hit.
Southern Music published the sheet music in 1933; more than 350,000 copies were sold in three months. Carmichael collaborated with Mercer on nearly three dozen songs, including "Thanksgiving," "Moon Country," and the 1951
Academy Award-winner for best song, "In the Cool, Cool, Cool, of the Evening." Carmichael also began to emerge as a solo singer-performer, first at parties, then professionally. He described his unique, laconic voice as sounding "the way a shaggy dog looks... I have Wabash fog and sycamore twigs in my throat." Some fans were dismayed as he steadily veered away from "hot" jazz, but Armstrong's recordings continued to "jazz up" Carmichael's popular songs. In 1935 Carmichael left Southern Music Company and began composing songs for a division of
Warner Brothers, establishing his connection with
Hollywood. "Moonburn," the first song Carmichael wrote for a motion picture, was sung by Bing Crosby in Paramount Pictures' film
Anything Goes in 1936. Following his marriage to Ruth Mary Meinardi, the daughter of a
Presbyterian minister, on March 14, 1936, the couple moved to California, where Carmichael hoped to find more work in the film industry. In 1937, the year before the birth of the couple's first son, Hoaglund Jr. (Hoagy Bix), Carmichael accepted a contract with
Paramount Pictures for $1,000 a week, joining other songwriters working for the Hollywood studios, including
Harry Warren at Warner Brothers,
E. Y. Harburg at
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and
Ralph Rainger and
Leo Robin at Paramount. Carmichael found work as a character actor in Hollywood. His on-screen debut occurred in 1937 in
Topper, with
Cary Grant and
Constance Bennett. Carmichael portrayed a piano player and performed his song "Old Man Moon" in the film. In 1938, Carmichael collaborated with Paramount lyricist
Frank Loesser on "
Heart and Soul," "
Two Sleepy People," and "
Small Fry." "Heart and Soul" was included in Paramount's motion picture
A Song Is Born (1938), performed by Larry Clinton and his orchestra. (After 1950, a simpler version became a popular piano duet among American children.)
Dick Powell premiered Carmichael's "
I Get Along Without You Very Well (Except Sometimes)" in a national radio broadcast in 1938. "Little Old Lady," included in
The Show Is On (1936), was Carmichael's first song to appear in a
Broadway musical and became a hit, but Carmichael's score for the Broadway production
Walk with Music, which he did with Mercer, was unsuccessful. The musical opened in 1940 and ran for only three weeks, Carmichael appeared as an actor in 14 motion pictures, performing at least one of his songs in each. He described his on-screen persona as the "hound-dog-faced old musical philosopher noodling on the honky-tonk piano, saying to a tart with a heart of gold: 'He'll be back, honey. He's all man.'" In 1944 Carmichael played Cricket in the screen adaptation of
Ernest Hemingway's
To Have and Have Not, opposite
Humphrey Bogart and
Lauren Bacall. He sang "
Hong Kong Blues" and "The Rhumba Jumps," and played piano as Bacall sang "How Little We Know." In the multi-Academy Award-winning film
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) with
Dana Andrews,
Myrna Loy and
Fredric March, Carmichael's character teaches a disabled veteran with metal prostheses to play "
Chopsticks," and also performs "Lazy River." Carmichael played Hi Linnett in
Canyon Passage (1946), a
Universal Pictures western that starred
Dana Andrews (his costar in
The Best Years of Our Lives and
Night Song),
Susan Hayward, and
Brian Donlevy. He also composed several songs for the film, including "Ole Buttermilk Sky," an
Academy Award nominee. Carmichael's career as a recording artist peaked in the mid-1940s when he recorded exclusively for
Decca Records and
V-Disc (the Armed Forces label for service personnel overseas), acted and performed in motion pictures, and hosted variety shows on the radio. He also sang in live shows across the United States, and debuted in the United Kingdom at the
London Casino in 1948. According to his son Randy, Carmichael was an incessant composer, working on a song for days or even weeks until it was perfect. His perfectionism extended to his clothes, grooming, and eating. Once the work was done, however, Carmichael would cut loose—relax, play golf, drink, and indulge in the Hollywood high life. Carmichael also found time to write his first autobiography,
The Stardust Road, published in 1946. In addition, Carmichael composed an orchestral work,
Brown County in Autumn, in 1948, but it was not well received by critics. Between 1944 and 1948, Carmichael became a well-known radio personality and hosted three musical-variety programs. In 1944–45, the 30-minute ''Tonight at Hoagy's'' aired on
Mutual radio on Sunday nights at 8:30 p.m. (Pacific time), sponsored by Safeway supermarkets. Produced by Walter Snow, the show featured Carmichael as host and vocalist. Musicians included
Pee Wee Hunt and
Joe Venuti. Fans were rather blunt about Carmichael's singing, providing comments such as "you cannot sing for your soul" and "your singing is so delightfully awful that it is really funny."
1950s During the 1950s, the public's musical preferences shifted toward rhythm and blues and rock and roll, ending the careers of most older artists. Carmichael's songwriting career also slowed down, but he continued to perform. , 1953 In the early 1950s, variety shows were particularly popular on television. Carmichael's most notable appearance was as the host of
Saturday Night Review in June 1953, a summer replacement series for
Your Show of Shows. He was also a regular cast member in the first season of NBC's western TV series
Laramie (1959–63), playing the character role of Jonesy the ranch hand. As his songwriting career started to fade, Carmichael's marriage also dissolved. He and his wife Ruth divorced in 1955. The
Johnny Appleseed Suite, Carmichael's second classical work for orchestra, suffered the same ill fate as his earlier attempt,
Brown County Autumn. The suite received little notice and only limited success, but Carmichael remained financially secure due to the royalties from his past hits. During the 1940s and 1950s Carmichael also wrote more than a dozen songs for children, including "The Whale Song," "Merry-Go-Round," and "Rocket Ship."
Later years Ray Charles's classic rendition of "
Georgia on My Mind", released on August 19, 1960, was a major hit. (Charles received
Grammys both for Best Male Vocal and Best Popular Single that year.) In 1961, Carmichael was featured in an episode of
The Flintstones titled "The Hit Songwriters".
Jerry Lee Lewis recorded "Hong Kong Blues" during his final
Sun sessions in 1963, but it was never released. In 1964, while
the Beatles were exploding on the scene, Carmichael lamented, "I'll betcha I have 25 songs lying in my trunk" and no one was calling to say "have you got a real good song for such-and such an artist." (Beatles guitarist
George Harrison released covers of "Baltimore Oriole" and "Hong Kong Blues" in early 1981.) Royalties on his standards were earning Carmichael over $300,000 a year. Carmichael's second memoir,
Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael, was published in 1965. By 1967 he was spending time in New York, but his new songs were unsuccessful and his musical career came to a close. Carmichael took up other interests in retirement, including golf, coin collecting, and enjoying his two homes, one on
Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles and the other in
Rancho Mirage, California. in 1978 As he passed his 70th birthday, Carmichael's star continued to wane and was nearly forgotten in a world dominated by rock music. With the help and encouragement of his son, Hoagy Bix Carmichael, Carmichael participated in the
PBS television show ''Hoagy Carmichael's Music Shop'', which featured jazz-rock versions of his hits by
Stark Reality. He appeared on
Fred Rogers's PBS show
Old Friends, New Friends in 1978. With more time on his hands, Carmichael resumed painting, and after a long courtship he married
Dorothy Wanda McKay, an actress, in 1977. Carmichael received several honors from the music industry in his later years. He was inducted into the USA's
Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971, along with
Duke Ellington. In 1972, Indiana University awarded Carmichael an honorary doctorate in music. On June 27, 1979, the
Newport Jazz Festival honored Carmichael's 80th birthday with a concert titled "The Stardust Road: A Hoagy Carmichael Jubilee" in
Carnegie Hall. The tribute concert was hosted by former bandleader
Bob Crosby and included performances by many major musical performers, such as singers
Kay Starr,
Jackie Cain,
Dave Frishberg, and
Max Morath, and musicians
Billy Butterfield,
Bob Wilber,
Yank Lawson,
Vic Dickenson, and
Bob Haggart.
National Public Radio broadcast the concert later that summer. "Piano Pedal Rag," a new Carmichael tune, was performed during the concert. Carmichael told host Crosby that he wrote it because he admired Beiderbecke's writing "so much that I didn't want to stop until I wrote something that was a little bit like something Bix might have liked." On his 80th birthday, Carmichael was reflective, observing, "I'm a bit disappointed in myself. I know I could have accomplished a hell of a lot more.... I could write anything any time I wanted to. But I let other things get in the way.... I've been floating around in the breeze." He spent his final years at home in
Rancho Mirage, near
Palm Springs, California, where he continued to play golf and remained an avid coin collector. Shortly before his death in 1981, Carmichael appeared on a United Kingdom-recorded tribute album,
In Hoagland (1981), with
Annie Ross and
Georgie Fame. Carmichael sang and played "Rockin' Chair" on the piano. His last public appearance occurred in early 1981, when he filmed
Country Comes Home with country music performer
Crystal Gayle for CBS.
Political views According to his biographer, Carmichael had supported the
Republican Party since his youth, and did so throughout his life. He voted for
Wendell Willkie at the
1940 presidential election, and backed
Barry Goldwater, the party's candidate, at the
1964 United States presidential election. == Later life and death ==