Hong Kong Cantonese

Hong Kong Cantonese is predominantly referred to as "Cantonese" in English and gwong2 dung1 waa2 (, Guangdong speech) by its native speakers, while the government also officially refers to it as gwong2 zau1 waa2 (, Guangzhou speech). ==History==

Before the arrival of British settlers in 1842, the inhabitants of Hong Kong mainly spoke the Dongguan-Bao'an (Tungkun–Po'on) and Tanka dialects of Yue, as well as Hakka and Hokkien. These languages and dialects are all remarkably different from Guangzhou Cantonese, and not mutually intelligible. After the British acquired Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories from the Qing in 1841 (officially 1842) and 1898, many tens of thousands of merchants and workers came to Hong Kong from the city of Canton, the main centre of Cantonese, especially in the wake of the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in Canton in 1850 and then the Second Opium War (1856-1860). Thus, Cantonese became the dominant spoken language in Hong Kong. The extensive migration from mainland Cantonese-speaking areas to Hong Kong continued up until 1949, when the Communists took over mainland China. In 1949, the year that the People's Republic of China was established, Hong Kong saw a large influx of refugees from mainland China, prompting the Hong Kong Government to restrict entry of immigrants at the border under the Immigrants Control Ordinance 1949. Illegal immigration from mainland China into Hong Kong nevertheless continued. During the 1950s, the Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong remained very similar to that in Canton, but the proportion of Cantonese speakers did not surpass 50% of the population in Hong Kong. Movement, communication and relations between Hong Kong and mainland China became very limited, and consequently the evolution of Cantonese in Hong Kong diverged from that of Guangzhou. In mainland China, the use of Mandarin as the official language and in education was enforced. In Hong Kong, Cantonese was the medium of instruction in schools, along with written English and written Chinese. As such, since the 1970s the percentage of Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong has risen to about 90%. Because of the long exposure to English during the colonial period, a large number of English words were loaned into Hong Kong Cantonese, e.g. "" (IPA: /páːsǐː/, Cantonese Jyutping: baa1 si2), from the English "bus"; compare this with the equivalent from Standard Mandarin, (). Consequently, the vocabularies of Cantonese in mainland China and Hong Kong substantially differ. Moreover, the pronunciation of Cantonese noticeably changed while the change either did not occur in mainland China or took place much more slowly. For example, merging of initial into and the deletion of were observed. ==Phonology==

In modern-day Hong Kong, many native speakers no longer distinguish between certain phoneme pairs, leading to instances of sound change through mergers. Although considered non-standard and denounced as "lazy sound" () by purists, the phenomena are widespread and not restricted to Hong Kong. Contrary to impressions, some of these changes are not recent. The loss of the velar nasal () was documented by Williams (1856), and the substitution of the liquid nasal () for the nasal initial () was documented by Cowles (1914). List of observed shifts: • Merging of initial into initial. • Merging of initial into null initial. • Merging of and initials into and when followed by . Note that is the only glide () in Cantonese. • Merging of and codas into and codas respectively, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals (except after and ): -, -, -, -, - and -. • Merging of the two syllabic nasals, into , eliminating the contrast of sounds between (surname Ng) and (not). • Merging of the rising tones ( 2nd and 5th). In educated Hong Kong Cantonese speech, these sound mergers are avoided, and many older speakers still distinguish between those phoneme categories. With the sound changes, the name of Hong Kong's Hang Seng Bank (), Jyutping: , , literally Hong Kong Constant Growth Bank, becomes , sounding like ''Hon' Kon' itchy body 'un cold'' (). The name of Cantonese itself (, "Guangdong speech") would be Jyutping: , IPA: without the merger, whereas (sounding like "": "say eastern speech") and (sounding like "" : "chase away eastern speech") are overwhelmingly common in Hong Kong. The shift affects the way some Hong Kong people speak other languages as well. This is especially evident in the pronunciation of certain English names: "Nicole" pronounce , "Nancy" pronounce etc. A very common example of the mixing of and is that of the word , meaning "you". Even though the standard pronunciation should be , the word is often pronounced , which is the surname , or the word , meaning theory. The merger of and also affects the choice of characters when the Cantonese media transliterates foreign names. Prescriptivists who try to correct these "lazy sounds" often end up introducing hypercorrections. For instance, while attempting to ensure that people pronounce the initial , they may introduce it into words which have historically had a null-initial. ==Unique phrases and expressions==

Hong Kong Cantonese has developed a number of phrases and expressions that are unique to the context of Hong Kong. Examples are: ==Loanwords==

Life in Hong Kong is characterised by the blending of southern Chinese with other Asian and Western cultures, as well as the city's position as a major international business centre. In turn, Hong Kong influences have spread widely into other cultures. As a result, a large number of loanwords are created in Hong Kong and then exported to mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, and Japan. Some of the loanwords have become even more popular than their Chinese counterparts, in Hong Kong as well as in their destination cultures. Note that some of the loanwords are being used much more frequently in Cantonese-speaking areas in mainland China (e.g. Guangzhou), than in areas speaking other Chinese varieties. Imported loanwords Selected loanwords are shown below. From English From French From Japanese Exported loanwords Into English Into Mainland Chinese Mandarin Into Taiwanese Mandarin Into Japanese ==Code-switching and loanword adaptation==

Hong Kong Cantonese has a high number of foreign loanwords. Sometimes, the parts of speech of the incorporated words are changed. In some examples, some new meanings of English words are even created. For example, "yeah", literally "the most yeah", means "the trendiest". Originally, "yeah" means "yes/okay" in English, but it means "trendy" when being incorporated into Hong Kong Cantonese (Cf. "yeah baby" and French "yé-yé"). Semantic change is common in loanwords; when foreign words are borrowed into Cantonese, polysyllabic words and monosyllabic words tend to become disyllabic, and the second syllable is in the Upper Rising tone (the second tone). For example, "kon1 si2" (coins), "sek6 kiu1" (security) and "ka1 si2" (cast). A few polysyllabic words become monosyllabic though, like "mon1" (monitor), literally means computer monitor. And some new Cantonese lexical items are created according to the morphology of Cantonese. For example, "laai1 " from the word "library". Most of the disyllabic words and some of the monosyllabic words are incorporated as their original pronunciation, with some minor changes according to the Cantonese phonotactics. Incorporating words from foreign languages into Cantonese is acceptable to most Cantonese speakers. Hong Kong Cantonese speakers frequently code-mix although they can distinguish foreign words from Cantonese ones. For instance, " make sense", literally means "that doesn't make sense". After a Cantonese speaker decides to code-mix a foreign word in a Cantonese sentence, syntactical rules of Cantonese will be followed. For instance, "sure" () can be used like " su1 su1 aa3?" (are you sure?) as if it were its Cantonese counterpart "?", using the A-not-A question construction. In some circumstances, code-mixing is preferable because it can simplify sentences. An excellent example (though dated) of the convenience and efficiency of such mixing is " collect call" replacing "", i.e. 13 syllables reduced to four. ==Short-text adaptations==

Abbreviation Abbreviations are commonly used in Hong Kong and have flourished with the use of short messaging over the Internet. Some examples: ==See also==