Hoorn

spelling The origin of the name Hoorn – in archaic spelling Hoern, Horne or Hoirn(e) – is surrounded in myths. According to old Frisian legends, the name comes from Hornus, a bastard son of King Redbad and brother of Aldgillis II, who presumably founded the city in 719 and named it after himself. A different theory claims that the name was derived from a sign depicting a post horn, which hung from one of the taverns established by brewers from Hamburg in the early fourteenth century. According to Hadrianus Junius, the name could also be a reference to the city's horn-shaped port. The chronicler rejects this theory, as well as the assertion that the name comes from "Dampterhorn", which was thought to be the only remaining neighborhood of the flooded village of . One of the earliest mentions of Hoorn is found in a letter which states that in 1303, a merchant from Bruges was imprisoned in West Friesland near a place called "Hornicwed". This phrase – although it is uncertain whether it actually refers to Hoorn – is a compound of the Middle Dutch words , meaning "corner", and , meaning "shallow water". It is likely that the name Hoorn was indeed derived from Middle Dutch , or simply , and that the city was named for its location in a sharp bight of (the former) Lake Flevo. In Modern Dutch, however, the word translates to "horn", both in an acoustic and anatomical sense. ==History==

Early history In the beginning of the eighth century, the threat of Viking raids led to unrest in the Frisian Kingdom, causing many people to leave their hometowns and settle elsewhere. Here, overproduction of dairy products led to the establishment of a marketplace within the domain of Zwaag, where excesses could be traded for other goods. The construction of these buildings was completed in 1316 and led to the expansion of the settlement, as more merchants from Northern Germany and Denmark now visited the place to trade. Dutch Golden Age Hoorn rapidly grew to become a major port city and a prosperous center of trade, which flourished during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, also known as the Dutch Golden Age. Furthermore, the city was an important home base for the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and the Noordsche Compagnie. A statue of Coen was placed on the city's central square Roode Steen in 1893. In 1616, the explorer Willem Schouten, together with Jacob Le Maire, braved furious storms as he rounded the southernmost tip of South America. He named it (Cape Horn) in honor of his home town. Eighteenth century to present in 1975 Hoorn's fortunes declined somewhat in the eighteenth century. The prosperous trading port became little more than a sleepy fishing village on the Zuiderzee. Following Napoleonic occupation, there was a period during which the town gradually turned its back on the sea. It developed to become a regional center of trade, mainly serving the smaller villages of West Friesland. Stallholders and shopkeepers devoted themselves to the sale of dairy products and seeds. After the introduction of railways and metalled roads in the late nineteenth century, Hoorn rapidly took its place as a conveniently located and easily accessible hub in the network of towns and villages of North Holland. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, and Hoorn was no longer a seaport. The years after World War II saw a period of renewed growth. At the center of a flourishing horticultural region, the city developed a highly varied and dynamic economy. In the 1970s, Hoorn was designated as an "overflow" city () by the Dutch government to relieve pressure on the overcrowded Randstad region. As a consequence, thousands of people swapped their cramped little apartments in Amsterdam for a family house with a garden in one of Hoorn's newly developed residential areas. == Geography ==

Hoorn is located in the east of the North Holland peninsula, on the northwestern shore of the Markermeer – the second largest freshwater lake of the Netherlands. The city occupies an arc of land in the south of West Friesland at the northernmost end of a small bay named Hoornse Hop. The landscape of Hoorn is mostly flat and the only elevated areas are the dikes on the southern outskirts of the city. The municipality is part of the safety region and the water board . The harbor was enlarged in the mid-17th century by the construction of a peninsula, the Visserseiland (to the west of the harbor), and an artificial island, the Oostereiland (to the east). Climate from Hoorn to Warder over a frozen Markermeer (1981) Hoorn has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Both winters and summers are considered mild, although winters can get quite cold, while summers are quite warm occasionally. Hoorn, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in USDA hardiness zone 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Hoorn is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, nights rarely fall far below . Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is , and or higher is only measured on 1.8 days per year on average (2009–2018), placing Hoorn in AHS heat zone 2. It is also common to have at least a couple of snowy days each year. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute has one of its weather stations located in Berkhout, a village situated west of Hoorn. Climatological data from this station can be found in the table below. The record extremes range from to . The average annual precipitation is . Districts The municipality of Hoorn consists of the city of Hoorn (postal codes 1620–1628) and the villages of Zwaag (postal code 1689) and Blokker (postal code 1695), which are further divided into the following districts: == Culture ==

Architecture Many of the houses in the historical city center date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially in the area north of the harbor. Other notable buildings include: • Hoofdtoren (1464), the former harbor control tower • Maria-/Kruittoren (1508), a tower built in late gothic style as part of the city wall • Oosterpoort (1578), the only remaining city gate • Waag (1609), weigh house at the junction of Grote Oost and Roode Steen • Statenlogement (1613), former city hall • Burgerweeshuis (1620), the former orphanage in the Korte Achterstraat • Statencollege (1632), which houses the Westfries Museum • Koepelkerk (1882), a Roman Catholic basilica • Claes Stapelhof (1682), a hofje Hoorn has notable modern buildings as well, such as: • Schouwburg Het Park, a theater and congress center that was opened on 25 June 2004 by Queen Beatrix. The opening was delayed, as the fly tower collapsed in the night of 20 April 2001 due to faulty construction work. Museums Notable museums in Hoorn include: • Westfries Museum • Museum of the 20th Century (on the Oostereiland) Cemeteries • Jewish cemetery, Hoorn == Local government ==

of Hoorn Municipal council Municipal executive As of 16 June 2022, the municipal executive of Hoorn consists of: == Transport ==

Railways Hoorn is connected to the Dutch railway network and has two train stations: Hoorn and Hoorn Kersenboogerd. From these stations, it is possible to travel in the directions of Enkhuizen, Alkmaar and Amsterdam. It is also the starting point of the Hoorn–Medemblik heritage railway. Roads The A7 motorway, which runs from Zaandam to the German border via the Afsluitdijk, passes along Hoorn. The exit Hoorn North connects to the provincial road N302, also called , which runs from Hoorn to Lelystad via the Houtribdijk. == Notable people ==

Born The following is a list of notable people who were born in Hoorn: Public figures • Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), humanist • Cornelis Cort (ca. 1533 – ca. 1578), engraver • Rombout Hogerbeets (1561–1625), jurist • Willem Schouten (ca. 1567–1625), explorer • Jonas Michaelius (1577 – after 1638), clergyman • Cornelius Jacobsen May (ca. 1580 – after 1624), explorer • Willem Bontekoe (1587–1657), explorer • Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), colonial administrator • Jacques Waben (ca. 1590 – ca. 1634), painter • Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater (ca. 1610–1682), merchant • Birgitta Durell (1619–1683), Swedish industrialist • Pieter Coopse (–1673), painter and draughtsman • Jacob Rotius (1644–1681), painter • Martinus Houttuyn (1720–1798), botanist • Adrianus Bleijs (1842–1912), architect • Johan Messchaert (1857–1922), singer • Aaf Bouber (1885–1974), actress • Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen (1885–1980), composer • Bart Bok (1906–1983), American astronomer • Anton Quintana (1937–2017), writer • Corine Rottschäfer (1938–2020), model • Martin Brozius (1941–2009), actor • George Baker (born 1944), singer • Cees Renckens (born 1946), physician • Joop van Wijk (born 1950), director • Simone van der Vlugt (born 1966), writer • Ron Blaauw (1967), chef • Richard Tol (born 1969), economist • Jan van Steenbergen (born 1970), linguist • Maria Barnas (born 1973), writer and poet • Wytske Postma (born 1977), politician • Marieke Vellinga-Beemsterboer (born 1986), politician • Tim Knol (born 1989), singer-songwriter • Stien den Hollander (born 2000), singer and rapper • Rikkie Kollé (born 2001), model Sportspeople • Johannes van Hoolwerff (1878–1962), Olympic sailor • Frans Hoek (born 1956), football player • Ruud Heus (born 1961), football player • Stephan van den Berg (born 1962), Olympic windsurfer • Silvan Inia (born 1969), football player • Frank de Boer (born 1970), football player • Ronald de Boer (born 1970), football player • Minouche Smit (born 1975), swimmer • Marja Vis (born 1977), speed skater • Marcelien de Koning (born 1978), Olympic sailor • Vera Koedooder (born 1983), racing cyclist • Coen de Koning (born 1983), Olympic sailor • Tine Veenstra (born 1983), bobsledder • Adrie Visser (born 1983), track cyclist • Wil Besseling (born 1985), golfer • Willemijn Karsten (born 1986), handball player • Robert Krabbendam (born 1986), basketball player • Pim Ligthart (born 1988), road cyclist • Ruud Vormer (born 1988), football player • Maikel van der Werff (born 1989), football player • Roland Alberg (born 1990), football player • Nadine Broersen (born 1990), track and field athlete • Marco Bizot (born 1991), football player • Lorenzo Ebecilio (born 1991), football player • Nicole Koolhaas (born 1991), volleyball player • Brandley Kuwas (born 1992), football player • Sonny Stevens (born 1992), football player • Paul Kok (born 1994), football player • Bas Schouten (born 1994), racing driver • Nadine Visser (born 1995), track athlete • Inessa Kaagman (born 1996), football player • Maaike Boogaard (born 1998), racing cyclist • Dani de Wit (born 1998), football player • Dagmar Boom (born 2000), volleyball player • Kenzo Goudmijn (born 2001), football player • Sontje Hansen (born 2002), football player Residing The following is a list of people who were born elsewhere, but are notable (former) residents of Hoorn: • David Pietersz. de Vries (ca. 1593–1655), explorer • Andreas Cellarius (1596–1665), cartographer • Jan Albertsz Rotius (1624–1666), painter • Miep Gies (1909–2010), helper of the Frank family • Edgar Vos (1931–2010), fashion designer • Milly Scott (born 1933), singer and actress • Bonnie St. Claire (born 1949), singer • Ernesto Hoost (born 1965), kickboxer • Sylvana Simons (born 1971), presenter and politician • Steven van Weyenberg (born 1973), politician • Lobke Berkhout (born 1980), Olympic sailor • Dean Saunders (born 1981), singer • Ben Saunders (born 1983), singer == International relations ==

Partner cities Hoorn is twinned with the following cities and municipalities: • Beersel, Belgium (since 1968) • Příbram, Czech Republic (since 1992) Friendships • Lewes, Delaware, United States : Lewes was the site of the first European settlement in Delaware: a whaling and trading post that Dutch settlers led by David Pieterszoon de Vries established in 1631 and named Zwaanendael. Upon their arrival in the Delaware Bay, they entered a kill which De Vries named "Hoornkill" after his hometown Hoorn. Nowadays, the city's Zwaanendael Museum is located in a replica of the Statenlogement, the former city hall of Hoorn. Although Hoorn and Lewes have never officially been partner cities, there is close informal relationship between the two towns. Delegations from Hoorn and Lewes have visited each other's cities in light of Lewes's 375th and Hoorn's 650th anniversary in 2006 and 2007 respectively. • Malacca City, Malaysia (since 1989) : In 1641, the Dutch conquered the colony of Malacca from the Portuguese. During the Dutch rule, the iconic Stadthuys was built – a replica of the first city hall of Hoorn, which was demolished in 1797. Hoorn and Malacca became sister cities in 1989, but the partnership was officially ended in 2005. The cities still maintain an informal relationship as "friendship cities". == Notes ==