In addition to the noted Ohio Hopewell, a number of other Middle
Woodland period cultures are known to have been involved in the Hopewell tradition and participated in the Hopewell exchange network.
Armstrong culture The
Armstrong culture was a Hopewell group in the
Big Sandy River Valley of northeastern Kentucky and western West Virginia from 1 to 500 CE. They are thought to have been a regional variant of the Hopewell tradition or a Hopewell-influenced Middle Woodland group who had peacefully mingled with the local
Adena peoples. Archaeologist Edward McMichael characterized them as an intrusive Hopewell-like trade culture or a vanguard of Hopewellian tradition that had probably peacefully absorbed the local Adena in the
Kanawha River Valley. Their culture and very Late Adena (46PU2) is thought to have slowly evolved into the later Buck Garden people.
Copena culture The Copena culture was a Hopewellian culture in northern
Alabama, Mississippi, and
Tennessee, as well as in other sections of the surrounding region including Kentucky. Researchers developed the Copena name based on the first three letters of copper and the last three letters of the mineral
galena, as copper and galena artifacts have often been found with Copena burials.
Crab Orchard culture During the Middle Woodland period, the Crab Orchard culture population increased from a dispersed and sparsely settled Early Woodland pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps. These were concentrated on terrace and floodplain landforms associated with the
Ohio River channel in southern
Indiana, southern
Illinois, and northwestern and western Kentucky. In the far western limits of Crab Orchard culture is the
O'byams Fort site. This large earthwork, shaped like a tuning fork, is reminiscent of Ohio Hopewell enclosures. Examples of a type of pottery decoration found at the
Mann site are also known from Hopewell sites in Ohio (such as Seip earthworks, Rockhold, Harness, and
Turner), as well as from Southeastern sites with Hopewellian assemblages, such as the Miner's Creek site,
Leake Mounds, 9HY98, and
Mandeville site in Georgia, and the Yearwood site in southern Tennessee.
Goodall focus The
Goodall focus culture occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of
Lake Michigan, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to
Saginaw Bay on the east and
Grand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana.
Havana Hopewell culture The
Havana Hopewell culture was a Hopewellian people in the Illinois and Mississippi river valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. They are considered ancestral to the groups who eventually formed the
Mississippian culture that built
Cahokia (in present-day southwestern Illinois) and influenced the hinterlands of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, including into the Appalachian Mountains. The
Toolesboro site is a group of seven burial mounds on a bluff overlooking the
Iowa River near its confluence with the Mississippi River. The conical mounds were constructed between 100 BCE and 200 CE. At one time, as many as 12 mounds may have existed. Mound 2, the largest remaining, measures in diameter and in height. This mound was possibly the largest Hopewell mound in Iowa.
Kansas City Hopewell At the western edge of the Hopewell interaction sphere is the
Kansas City Hopewell. The
Renner Village archeological site in
Riverside, Missouri, is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River. The site contains Hopewell and succeeding Middle
Mississippian remains. The
Trowbridge archeological site near Kansas City is close to the western limit of the Hopewell. "Hopewell-style" pottery and stone tools, typical of the Illinois and Ohio River valleys, are abundant at the Trowbridge site. Decorated Hopewell-style pottery rarely appears further west. The
Cloverdale site is situated at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River Valley, near present-day
Saint Joseph, Missouri. It is a multi-component site with evidence of Kansas City Hopewell (around 100 to 500 CE) and
Steed-Kisker (around 1200 CE) occupation.
Laurel complex The Laurel complex was a Native American culture in what is now southern
Quebec, southern and northwestern
Ontario, and east-central
Manitoba in Canada; and
northern Michigan, northwestern
Wisconsin, and northern
Minnesota in the United States. They were the first pottery-using people of Ontario north of the
Trent-Severn Waterway. The complex is named after the former
unincorporated community of
Laurel, Minnesota.
Marksville culture The
Marksville culture was a Hopewellian culture in the
Lower Mississippi valley,
Yazoo valley, and
Tensas valley areas of present-day
Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and
Arkansas. It evolved into the
Baytown culture and later the
Coles Creek and
Plum Bayou cultures. It is named for the
Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site in
Marksville, Louisiana.
Miller culture The Miller culture was a Hopewellian culture located in the upper
Tombigbee River drainage areas of southwestern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and west-central Alabama, best known from excavations at the
Pinson Mounds,
Bynum Mounds, Miller (
type site), and
Pharr Mounds sites. The culture is divided chronologically into two phases, Miller 1 and Miller 2, with a later Miller 3 belonging to the
Late Woodland period. Some sites associated with the Miller culture, such as
Ingomar Mound and Pinson Mounds on its western periphery, built large
platform mounds. Archaeologist speculate the mounds were for feasting rituals. With that purpose, they fundamentally differed from later
Mississippian culture platform mounds, which were mortuary and substructure platforms.
Montane Hopewell The
Montane Hopewell on the
Tygart Valley area, an upper branch of the
Monongahela River of northern
West Virginia, is similar to Armstrong. The pottery and cultural characteristics are also similar to late Ohio Hopewell. The
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, encompassing mounds for which the culture is named, is in the
Paint Creek Valley just a few miles from Chillicothe, Ohio. Other earthworks in the Chillicothe area include
Hopeton,
Mound City,
Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District,
High Banks Works, Liberty,
Cedar-Bank Works, Anderson,
Frankfort, Dunlap,
Spruce Hill,
Story Mound, and
Shriver Circle. When colonial settlers first crossed the Appalachians, after almost a century and a half in North America, they were astounded at these monumental constructions, some as high as 70 feet (21 m) and covering acres. The
Portsmouth Earthworks were constructed from 100 BCE to 500 CE. It is a large ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. Part of this earthwork complex extends across the Ohio River into Kentucky. The earthworks included a northern section consisting of a number of circular enclosures, two large, horseshoe-shaped enclosures, and three sets of parallel-walled roads leading away from this location. One set of walls went to the southwest and may have linked to a
large square enclosure located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. Another set of walls led to the southeast, where it crossed the Ohio River and continued to the
Biggs site, a complicated circular enclosure surrounding a conical mound. The third set of walls went to the northwest for an undetermined distance, in the direction of the
Tremper site.
Point Peninsula complex The Point Peninsula complex was a Native American culture located in present-day Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, during the Middle Woodland period. It is thought to have been influenced by the Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. This influence seems to have ended about 250 CE, after which burial ceremonialism was no longer practiced.
Saugeen complex The
Saugeen complex was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of
Lake Huron and the
Bruce Peninsula, around the
London, Ontario area, and possibly as far east as the
Grand River in Canada. Some evidence exists that the Saugeen complex people of the Bruce Peninsula may have evolved into the historic
Odawa people, also known as the Ottawa. Wilhelm pottery was similar to Armstrong pottery, but not as well made. Little studied are their four reported village sites, ==Cultural decline==