List of IEEE Milestones

• 1751 – Book Experiments and Observations on Electricity by Benjamin Franklin • 1757–1775 – Benjamin Franklin's Work in London • 1776 – Elekiteru: First electrostatic generator in Japan by Gennai Hiraga • 1799 – Alessandro Volta's Electrical Battery Invention == 1800–1850 ==

• 1804 – Francisco Salvá Campillo's Electric Telegraph • 1820–1827 – The Birth of Electrodynamics • 1828–1837 – Pavel Schilling's Pioneering Contribution to Practical Telegraphy • 1836 – Nicholas Callan's Pioneering Contributions to Electrical Science and Technology • 1838 – Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy == 1850–1870 ==

• 1852 – Electric Fire alarm system • 1860–1871 – Maxwell's equations • 1860–1863 – First Studies on Ring Armature for Direct-Current Dynamos • 1861 – Transcontinental Telegraph • 1861–1867 – Standardisation of the Ohm • 1866 – Landing of the Transatlantic Cable • 1866 – County Kerry Transatlantic Cable Stations == 1870–1890 ==

• 1876 – First Intelligible Voice Transmission over Electric Wire • 1876 – Thomas Alva Edison Historic Site at Menlo Park • 1876 – First Distant Speech Transmission in Canada • 1882 – Vulcan Street Plant • 1882 – First Central Station in South Carolina • 1882 – Pearl Street Station • 1884 – First AIEE Technical Meeting • 1885 – Galileo Ferraris's Rotating Fields and Early Induction Motors • 1886 – Alternating Current Electrification, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, by William Stanley, Jr. • 1886 – First Generation and Experimental Proof of Electromagnetic Waves • 1886–1888 – Electric Lighting of the Kingdom of Hawaii • 1887 – Thomas A. Edison West Orange Laboratories and Factories • 1887 – Weston Meters, first portable current and voltage meters • 1888 – Richmond Union Passenger Railway • 1889 – Power System of Boston's Rapid Transit • 1889 – First Exploration and Proof of Liquid Crystals == 1890–1900 ==

plaque dedicated in 2013 • 1890 – Discovery of Radioconduction by Édouard Branly, making use of a coherer • 1890 – Keage Power Station, Japan's First Commercial Hydroelectric Plant • 1891 – Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant • 1893 – Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant • 1893 – Birth and Growth of Primary and Secondary Battery Industries in Japan • 1894 – First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by Jagadish Chandra Bose • 1895 – Adams Hydroelectric Generating Plant • 1895 – Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication • 1895 – Guglielmo Marconi's Experiments in Wireless telegraphy • 1895 – Electrification by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad • 1895 – Krka-Šibenik Electric Power System • 1895 – Folsom Powerhouse three-phase system • 1896 – Budapest Metroline No. 1 • 1897 – Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant • 1898 – Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Plant • 1898 – Rheinfelden Hydroelectric Power Plant • 1898 – French Transatlantic Telegraph Cable • 1899–1902 – First Operational Use Of Wireless Telegraphy in the Anglo-Boer War • 1899 – Calcutta Electric Supply Corp == 1900–1920 ==

• 1900 – Georgetown Steam Hydro Generating Plant • 1901 – Transmission of Transatlantic Radio Signals • 1901 – Reception of Transatlantic Radio Signals • 1901 – Early Developments in Remote-Control by Leonardo Torres Quevedo • 1901–1902 – Rationalization of Units • 1901–1905 String Galvanometer • 1902 – Poulsen-Arc Radio Transmitter • 1903 – Vučje Hydroelectric Plant • 1904 – Alexanderson Radio Alternator • 1904 – Fleming valve • 1904 – Radar Predecessor • 1906 – Pinawa Hydroelectric Power Project • 1906 – First Wireless Radio Broadcast by Reginald Fessenden • 1906 – Grand Central Terminal Electrification • 1907 – Alternating-Current Electrification of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad • 1909 – Shoshone Transmission Line • 1909 – World's First Reliable Hight Voltage Power Fuse • 1911 – Discovery of superconductivity • 1914 – Panama Canal Electrical and Control Installations • 1915–1918 – Invention of Sonar • 1916 – Czochralski Process == 1920–1930 ==

• 1920 – Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA (AM) • 1920 – Funkerberg Königs Wusterhausen first radio broadcast in Germany • 1921–1923 – Piezoelectric Oscillator • 1921 – RCA Central, 220 kW transoceanic radio facility • 1922 – Neutrodyne Circuit • 1924 – Directive Shortwave Antenna (Yagi–Uda antenna) • 1924–1941 – Development of electronic television • 1924 – Enrico Fermi's major contribution to semiconductor statistics • 1925 – Bell Telephone Laboratories • 1926 – First Public Demonstration of Television • 1928 – One-way police radio communication • 1928 – Raman Effect • 1929 – Shannon Scheme for the electrification of the Irish Free State • 1929 – Largest private (DC) generating plant in the U.S.A. • 1929 – Yosami Radio Transmitting Station • 1929 – First blind takeoff, flight, and landing; using designated radio and aeronautical instrumentation == 1930–1940 ==

• 1930–1945 – Development of Ferrite Materials and their applications • 1931 – Invention of Stereo Sound Reproduction • 1932 – First Breaking of Enigma Code by the Team of Polish Cipher Bureau • 1933 – Two-Way Police Radio Communication • 1933 – Invention of a Temperature-Insensitive Quarz Oscillaiton Plate • 1934 – Long-Range Shortwave Voice Transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic Expedition • 1937 – Westinghouse Atom Smasher • 1938 – Zenit Parabolic Reflector L-Band Pulsed Radar • 1939 – Atanasoff–Berry Computer • 1939–1945 – Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II • 1939 – Single-element Unidirectional Microphone – Shure Unidyne • 1939 – Claude Shannon, development of Information Theory • 1939–1949 – Development of the Cavity Magnetron == 1940–1950 ==

• 1940 – FM Police Radio Communication • 1940–1945 – MIT Radiation Laboratory • 1940–1946 – Loran, long range navigation • 1941 – Opana Radar Site • 1942–1945 – US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory • 1944–1959 – Whirlwind Computer, Cambridge, Massachusetts • 1944–1959 – Harvard Mark 1 Computer • 1945 – Merrill Wheel-Balancing System • 1945 – Rincón del Bonete Plant and Transmission System • 1946 – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) • 1946–1953 – Monochrome-Compatible Electronic Color Television • 1946 – Detection of Radar Signals Reflected from the Moon • 1947 – Invention of the First Transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. • 1947 – Invention of Holography • 1948 – Birth of the Barcode • 1948 – The Discovery of the Principle of Self-Complementarity in Antennas and the Mushiake Relationship • 1948 – First Atomic Clock • 1948–1951 – Manchester University "Baby" Computer and its Derivatives == 1950–1960 ==

• 1950–1969 – Electronic Technology for Space Rocket Launches • 1950 – First External Cardiac Pacemaker • 1951 – Manufacture of Transistors • 1951 – Experimental Breeder Reactor I • 1951–1958 – SAGE-Semi-Automatic Ground Environment • 1951–1952 – A-0 Compiler and Initial Development of Automatic Programming • 1953 – First Television Broadcast in Western Canada • 1954 – Gotland High Voltage Direct Current Link • 1954 – Parametron • 1955 – WEIZAC Computer • 1956 – RAMAC • 1956 – The First Submarine Transatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1) • 1956–1963 – Kurobe River No. 4 Hydropower Plant • 1956 – Ampex Videotape Recorder • 1956 – Birth of Silicon Valley • 1957–1958 – First Wearable Cardiac Pacemaker • 1957 – SCR/Thyristor • 1957–1962 – Atlas Computer and the Invention of Virtual Memory • 1958 – First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC) by Jack Kilby • 1958 – Star of Laufenburg Interconnection • 1958 – The Trans-Canada Microwave System • 1959 – Semiconductor planar process by Jean Hoerni and silicon integrated circuit by Robert Noyce • 1959 – Commercialization and industrialization of photovoltaic cells by Sharp Corporation == 1960–1970 ==

• 1961–1984 – IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center • 1960 – TIROS I Television Infrared Observation Satellite • 1960 – First Working Laser • 1961–1964 – First Optical Fiber Laser and Amplifier • 1962–1967 – Object-oriented programming • 1962 – Stanford Linear Accelerator Center • 1962 – Alouette-ISIS Satellite Program • 1962 – First Transatlantic Television Signal via Satellite • 1962 – First Transatlantic Transmission of a Television Signal via Satellite • 1962 – First Transatlantic Reception of a Television Signal via Satellite • 1962–1967 – Pioneering Work on the Quartz Electronic Wristwatch at Centre Electronique Horloger, Switzerland • 1962 – Mercury spacecraft MA-6, Col. John Glenn piloted the Mercury Friendship 7 spacecraft in the first FAI-legal completed human-orbital flight on 20 February 1962. • 1962–1972 – Grumman Lunar Module • 1962–1972 – Apollo Guidance Computer • 1962–1968 – First Geographic Information System • 1962 – Semiconductor Laser • 1963 – NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope • 1963 – Taum Sauk Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant • 1963 – First Transpacific Reception of a Television (TV) Signal via Satellite • 1963 – ASCII • 1964 – Mount Fuji Radar System • 1964 – Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train) • 1964–1973 – Pioneering Work on Electronic Calculators by Sharp Corporation • 1964 – TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System • 1964 – High-definition television System • 1964 – BASIC Computer Language • 1965–1984 – Alvin Deep-Sea Research Submersible • 1965 – First 735 kV AC Transmission System • 1965–1971 – Railroad Ticketing Examining System (developed by OMRON of Japan) • 1965 – Dadda multiplier • 1965 – Moore's Law • 1965–1978 – Development of Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques • 1966 – Interactive Video Games • 1966 – Shakey, the first mobile robot to be able to reason about its actions • 1966 – DIALOG Online Search System • 1967 – First Astronomical Observations Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry • 1968 – CERN Experimental Instrumentation • 1968 – Liquid-crystal display by George H. Heilmeier • 1968 – Public Demonstration of Online Systems and Personal Computing • 1969 – Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ • 1969 – Birth of the Internet • 1969 – Inception of the ARPANET • 1969–1975 – Invention of Public-key Cryptography • 1969 – Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LURE) • 1969 – Parkes Radiotelescope • 1969–1995 – Mode S Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System == 1970–1980 ==

• 1970 – World's First Low-Loss Optical Fiber for Telecommunications • 1971–1978 – The first word processor for the Japanese Language, JW-10 • 1969–1970 – SPICE Circuit Simulation Program • 1971 – Demonstration of the ALOHA Packet Radio Data Network • 1971 – First Computerized Tomography (CT) X-ray Scanner • 1971–1977 – Development of the Commercial Laser Printer • 1972 – Nelson River HVDC Transmission System • 1972 – Development of the HP-35, the First Handheld Scientific Calculator • 1972 – Eel River High Voltage Direct Current Converter Station • 1972 – First Practical Field Emission Electron Microscope • 1972 – SHAKEY: The World’s First Mobile Intelligent Robot • 1972 – Polymer Self-Regulating Heat-Tracing Cable • 1972–1989 – Gravitational-Wave Antenna • 1972–1987 – Deep Space Station 43 • 1972–1983 – The Xerox Alto Establishes Personal Networked Computing • 1973–1985 – Superconducting Magnet System for the Fermilab Tevatron Accelerator/Collider • 1973 – The First Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) • 1973–1985 – Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN) • 1974 – First 500 MeV Proton Beam from the TRIUMF Cyclotron • 1974–1982 – First Real-Time Speech Communication on Packet Networks • 1974 – The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System • 1974 – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enables the Internet • 1975 – Line Spectrum Pair (LSP) for high-compression speech coding • 1975 – Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) for electric power systems • 1975 – Handheld Digital Camera • 1976 – Development of VHS, a World Standard for Home Video Recording • 1976–1978 – The Floating Gate EEPROM • 1977 – Lempel–Ziv Data Compression Algorithm • 1977 – Vapor-phase Axial Deposition Method for Mass Production of High-quality Optical Fiber • 1977 – Perpendicular Magnetic Recording • 1978 – Speak & Spell, the First Use of a Digital Signal Processing IC for Speech Generation • 1978 – First Digitally Processed Image from a Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar • 1978 – First Demonstration of a Fibre Bragg Grating • 1979 – Compact disc Audio Player • 1979 – 20-inch Diameter Photomultiplier Tubes • 1979 – Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Field-Effect Transistor Switches for Liquid Crystal Displays • 1979 – HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor) == 1980 to 1990 ==

• 1980 – International Standardization of Group 3 Facsimile • 1980–1982 – First RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Microprocessor • 1980 – Outdoor large-scale color display system • 1980 – MPD7720DSP, programmable digital signal processor chip μPD7720 • 1980–1981 – Inverter-Driven Air Conditioner • 1980–1999 – Origin of the IEEE 802 Family of Networking Standards • 1981 – 16-Bit Monolithic Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for Digital Audio • 1981 – Map-Based Automotive navigation system • 1981–1988 – The Development of RenderMan for Photorealistic Graphics • 1982 – Nobeyama 45-m Telescope • 1982 – Human Rescue Enabled by Space Technology • 1982 – First Large-Scale Fingerprint ID • 1982 – Commercialization of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors with Nickel Electrodes • 1984 – First Direct-broadcast satellite Service • 1984 – The MU (Middle and Upper atmosphere) radar • 1984–1989 – Active Shielding of Superconducting Magnets • 1984–1993 – MPEG Multimedia Integrated Circuits • 1984 – TRON Real-time Operating System Family • 1984–1996 – Development of 193-nm Projection Photolithography • 1985 – Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering Contribution to the Development of Laptop PC • 1985 – Emergency Warning Code Signal Broadcasting System • 1985 – Multiple Technologies on a Chip • 1985 – IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic • 1986 – Fiber Optic Connectors • 1987 – High-Temperature Superconductivity • 1987 – SPARC RISC Architecture • 1987 – Superconductivity at 93 Kelvin • 1987 – WaveLAN, Precursor of Wi-Fi • 1987–1995 – MTI Portable Satellite Communication Terminals • 1988 – Sharp 14-Inch Thin Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) for TV • 1988 – Virginia Smith High-Voltage Direct-Current Converter Station • 1988 – Trans-Atlantic Telephone Fiber-optic Submarine Cable, TAT-8 • 1988 – First Robotic Control from Human Brain Signals • 1989 – Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications == After 1990 ==

• 1992 – Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy • 1993–1997 – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) enabling broadband internet • 1994 – Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope • 1994 – QR (Quick Response) Code • 1996–1998 – PageRank and the Birth of Google • 1996 – Large-Scale Commercialization of a CDMA Cellular Communication System • 1996–1997 – Integrated Circuits for satellite digital radio • 1996 – Universal Serial Bus (USB) • 1997 – Toyota Prius, the world's first mass-produced hybrid vehicle == Notes ==