Indian python

The rock python's color pattern is whitish or yellowish with the blotched patterns varying from tan to dark brown shades. This varies with terrain and habitat. Specimens from the hill forests of Western Ghats and Assam are darker, while those from the Deccan Plateau and Eastern Ghats are usually lighter. All pythons are non-venomous. The nominate subspecies occurring in India typically grows to . Because of confusion with the Burmese python, exaggerations, and stretched skins in the past, the maximum length of this subspecies is difficult to tell. The longest scientifically recorded specimen, collected in Pakistan, was long and weighed . In Pakistan, Indian pythons commonly reach a length of . The Indian python differs from the Burmese python (Python bivittatus) in the following ways: • the presence of light "eyes" in the centers of spots located on the sides of the trunk • reddish or pinkish color of light stripes on the sides of the head • a diamond-shaped spot on the head blurred in the front part • usually lighter in color, dominated by brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown and grayish-brown tones • usually prefers a drier, more arid environment, unlike P. bivittatus, which inhabits moist, meadow environments ==Distribution and habitat==

The Indian python occurs in nearly all of the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas, including southern Nepal and Bhutan, Sri Lanka, southeastern Pakistan, Bangladesh, and probably in northern Myanmar. It lives in a wide range of habitats, including grasslands, swamps, marshes, rocky foothills, woodlands, open forest, and river valleys. It needs a reliable source of water. It hides in abandoned mammal burrows, hollow trees, dense water reeds, and mangrove thickets. ==Behavior==

Lethargic and slow moving even in their native habitat, they exhibit timidity and rarely try to attack even when attacked. Locomotion is usually with the body moving in a straight line, by "walking on its ribs". They are excellent swimmers and are quite at home in water. They can be wholly submerged in water for many minutes if necessary, but usually prefer to remain near the bank. Feeding in Mudumalai National Park Like all snakes, Indian pythons are strict carnivores and feed on mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians indiscriminately, but seem to prefer mammals. Roused to activity on sighting prey, the snake advances with a quivering tail and lunges with an open mouth. Live prey is constricted and killed. One or two coils are used to hold it in a tight grip. The prey, unable to breathe, succumbs and is subsequently swallowed head first. After a heavy meal, they are disinclined to move. If forced to, hard parts of the meal may tear through the body. Therefore, if disturbed, some specimens disgorge their meal to escape from potential predators. After a heavy meal, an individual may fast for weeks, the longest recorded duration being 2 years. The python can swallow prey bigger than its diameter because its jaw bones are not connected. Moreover, prey cannot escape from its mouth because of the arrangement of the teeth (which are reverse saw-like). In Keoladeo National Park, potential prey of Indian pythons include rhesus macaques, spotted deer, sambar deer, nilgai, Indian cattle (Bos indicus), wild boar, golden jackals, domestic dogs, striped hyenas, jungle cats, small Indian civets, mongooses, black-napped hares (Lepus nigricollis), Indian porcupines, five-striped palm squirrels, field rats, birds, other snakes, Bengal monitors, garden lizards (Calotes versicolor), skinks (Eutropis spp.), geckos (Hemidactylus spp.), and Indian toads. Reproduction Oviparous, up to 100 eggs are laid by a female, which she protects and incubates. The hatchlings are in length and grow quickly. ==Conservation status==

The Indian python is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to a likely population decline of ~30% over the decade 2010–2020, caused by habitat loss, over-exploitation, and lack of conservation actions. ==Taxonomy==

In the literature, one other subspecies is encountered: P. m. pimbura Deraniyagala, 1945, which is found in Sri Lanka. The Burmese python (P. bivittatus) was referred to as a subspecies of the Indian python until 2009, when it was elevated to full species status. The name Python molurus bivittatus is found in older literature. ==In culture==

Kaa, a large and old Indian python, is featured as one of Mowgli's mentors in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 collection The Jungle Book. ==References== ==Further reading==