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Semisulcospira libertina

Semisulcospira libertina is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Semisulcospiridae. Widespread in east Asia, it lives in China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and the Philippines. In some countries it is harvested as a food source. It is medically important as a vector of clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, metagonimiasis and others.

Taxonomy
The type specimens were collected by American scientist William Stimpson during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856). and Habe (1965) considered S libertina a synonym of Semisulcospira bensoni. == Distribution ==
Distribution
This species occurs in: • South Korea: continental South Korea and Jeju Island. • Central China: Hubei, East China: Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and South China: Guangdong. It is the most common freshwater snail in Japan. • This species was also reported from the Philippines. The type locality was listed as "Simoda and Ousima" by Gould in 1859, that means two localities: Shimoda City in Honshu and Amami Ōshima in Ryukyu Islands. Davis (1979) identified the presumed type locality Inozawa River, Inozawa Section, Shimoda City, Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshu. Miura et al. (2013) studied mitochondrial haplotypes of Semisulcospira libertina from Korea and from Japan. Mixed haplotypes in Korea suggest long-distance palaeo-migration across the Korea Strait from Japan to Korea. Shells of Semisulcospira libertina were also found in the Nojiri-ko Formation at the Lake Nojiri in Central Japan from the age of 27,000 years BP. == Description ==
Description
The shell has 4–6 whorls, while the apex of the shell is usually eroded. The aperture is continuous and the apertural lip is simple. There are seven or more (up to 12) basal cords (spiral sculptures at the base of the body whorl). The average height of the shell is . Mineral composition of the shell of this species is as follows: 52.9% CaO, 0.77% SiO2, 0.36% Na2O, 0.06% Al2O3, 0.05% Fe2O3, 0.01% MgO and 0.01% P2O5. There is 45.44% of citrulline of free amino acids (amino acids in blood). Ko et al. (2001) described the radula of this species in detail. The shape of the operculum is ovate and the profile of the shape of the operculum is flat. There is no penis. The diploid chromosome number of Semisulcospira libertina is 2n=36. The complete mitochondrial genome of Semisulcospira libertina is known since 2015. Its length is 15,432 bp. It was the first mitochondrial genome resolved within the whole superfamily Cerithioidea. Semisulcospira reiniana is very similar species: its embryos are larger and embryos are with ribs, adult shells are more slender, 2n=40. File:Semisulcospira libertina shell 2.png|Drawing of an apertural view of a shell of Semisulcospira libertina. File:Semisulcospira libertina shell 3.png|Drawing of a lateral view of a shell of Semisulcospira libertina. File:Semisulcospira libertina operculum.png|Drawing of an operculum of Semisulcospira libertina. File:Semisulcospira libertina radula.png|Drawing of radular teeth of Semisulcospira libertina == Ecology ==
Ecology
Habitat , Namhan River, Korea Habitats of Semisulcospira libertina include pools, slow flowing rivers, drainage ditches, rice paddies, The water temperature is 1.3–22.5 °C. High concentration of cadmium may affect behavior of this species. Feeding habits Semisulcospira libertina is polyphagous species and a grazer. It feeds mainly on phytoplankton and detritus. Chemoautotrophic bacteria are probable food source of Semisulcospira libertina, because δ13C and δ34S values were lower than in other invertebrates on the site. The development from the egg to the veliger lasts 17 days in the temperature 25 °C. Embryos are without ribs on the shell, but they usually have 1–2 spiral cords. Birth of snails occur mainly in two periods: in March–May and in September–October. Parasites is a predator of Semisulcospira libertina''. Parasites of Semisulcospira libertina include the following flukes. Some of them are medically important: • Opisthorchiidae: Semisulcospira libertina serves as the first intermediate host for Clonorchis sinensis in China. • Paragonimidae: Semisulcospira libertina serves as the first intermediate host for Paragonimus westermani. and Metagonimus yokogawai. and Centrocestus formosanus. • Philophthalmidae: Cercariae of Philophthalmus sp. were found in Semisulcospira libertina in Japan. • Liolopidae: Semisulcospira libertina serves as the first intermediate host for Liolope copulans. • Derogenidae: Cercariae of Genarchopsis goppo were found in Semisulcospira libertina in Japan. • Lecithodendriidae: Semisulcospira libertina serves as the first intermediate host for Acanthatrium hitaensis. Shinagawa et al. (2001) studied the metabolism and activity of Semisulcospira libertina infected by trematodes. Bacteria Neorickettsia risticii was detected in cercaria from Semisulcospira libertina in Korea. Predators Predators of Semisulcospira libertina include fireflies, such as aquatic larvae of firefly Luciola cruciata. ==Human use==
Human use
Culinary Japan This species is used in Japanese cuisine. File:Semisulcospira libertina dish.jpg|Japanese food with Semisulcospira libertina Korea In Korean cuisine, daseulgi-guk () is a type of guk (soup) made with Semisulcospira libertina. File:Daseulgi 2.jpg|Blanched daseulgi File:Daseulgi broth.jpg|Daseulgi broth File:다슬기국.jpg|Daseulgi-guk (soup) File:Daseulgi-buchimgae.jpg|Daseulgi-buchimgae (pancake) Medicinal Korea This species is used as medicinal species in traditional medicine practices on gastrointestinal disorders in Korea. Simmer from the whole Semisulcospira libertina is used for cure of indigestion in Jirisan National Park. The non-intentional exposure to shell powder from this species caused the first reported silicosis of such origin in 2012. ==References==
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