The vast majority of Irish in the Republic are, in practice, monolingual English speakers. Habitual users of Irish fall generally into two categories: traditional speakers in rural areas (a group in decline) and urban Irish speakers (a group in expansion). The number of native Irish-speakers in Gaeltacht areas of the Republic of Ireland today is far lower than it was at independence. Many Irish-speaking families encouraged their children to speak English as it was the language of education and employment; by the nineteenth century the Irish-speaking areas were relatively poor and remote, though this very remoteness helped the language survive as a vernacular. There was also continuous outward migration of Irish speakers from the Gaeltacht (see related issues at
Irish diaspora). A more recent contributor to the decline of Irish in the Gaeltacht has been the immigration of English speakers and the return of native Irish speakers with English-speaking partners. The Planning and Development Act 2000 attempted to address the latter issue, with varied levels of success. It has been argued that government grants and infrastructure projects have encouraged the use of English: "only about half Gaeltacht children learn Irish in the home... this is related to the high level of in-migration and return migration which has accompanied the economic restructuring of the Gaeltacht in recent decades". In an effort to stop the erosion of Irish in
Connemara, the Galway County Council introduced a development plan whereby new housing in Gaeltacht areas must be allocated to English-speakers and Irish-speakers in the same ratio as the existing population of the area. Developers had to enter a legal agreement to that effect.
History of revitalization efforts Following the
Irish War of Independence, the first official language policy was implemented by the Irish government. It was based on the revitalization method pioneered by
the Gaelic League which aimed to create a monolingual Irish speaking nation. The study argues that the official policies laid out in the Act are in line with current policies which are needed. However, the effective implementation of the act has been hamstrung by lack of funding and linguistic bias according to this study. Due to this, according to Walsh, the number of Irish speakers has continued to decline. Only 1.8% of Irish speakers reported speaking the language at home, while 40% report some knowledge of the language.
Official Languages (Amendment) Act 2021 In 2011
Dinny McGinley,
Minister of State at the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, announced at the
Oireachtas na Gaeilge that he was launching a review of the Official Languages Act 2003. The process concluded in December 2021 with the enactment of the Official Languages (Amendment) Act 2021 was signed into law. The biggest aim of the act is for a quota of 20% of public sectors jobs to be designated for Irish speakers by 2030 with a National Plan for the Provision of Public Services in Irish to be developed. The act further states that all public offices in the Gaeltacht will operate through the medium of Irish. And that state companies will have to spend 20% of their advertising budgets on advertising through the Irish language with a quarter of that 20% at a minimum having to be spent on the Irish language media. And the act also complies State organisations to be obliged to spell Irish speakers names and addresses accurately with
fadas for those Irish speakers who want to have their names and addresses spelt with
fadas. These measures were brought in on a phased basis and as of 2025, are in most cases implemented.
Constitution Article 8 of the Constitution states: The interpretation of 8.3 has been problematic and various judgments have cast more light on this matter. In 1983 Justice Ó hAnnluain noted that Irish is referred to in the present Constitution as 'the first official language' and that the Oireachtas itself can give priority to one language over the other. Until that time it should be assumed that Irish is the first official language, and that the citizen is entitled to require that it be used in administration. In 1988 Justice Ó hAnnluain said it was fair to provide official forms in both Irish and English. In 2001 Justice Hardiman said that "the individual who seeks basic legal materials in Irish will more than likely be conscious of causing embarrassment to the officials from whom he seeks them and will certainly become conscious that his business will be much more rapidly and efficaciously dealt with if he resorts to English. I can only say that this situation is an offence to the letter and spirit of the Constitution". In the same judgement he stated his opinion that it was improper to treat Irish less favourably than English in the transaction of official business. In 2009, however, Justice Charleton said that the State has the right to use documents in either language and that there is no risk of an unfair trial if an applicant understands whichever language is used. In 2010 Justice Macken said that there was a constitutional obligation to provide to a respondent all Rules of Court in an Irish language version as soon as practicable after they were published in English. The Irish text of the Constitution takes precedence over the English text (Articles 25.4.6° and 63). However, the second amendment included changes to the Irish text to align it more closely with the English text, rather than vice versa. The Constitution provides for a number of Irish language terms that are to be used even in English.
Place names The Placenames Order () 2004 requires the original Irish placenames to be used in the Gaeltacht on all official documents, maps and roadsigns. This has removed the legal status of those placenames in the Gaeltacht in English. Opposition to these measures comes from several quarters, including some people in popular tourist destinations located within the Gaeltacht (namely in
Dingle) who argue that tourists may not recognise the Irish forms of the placenames. Gaoth Dobhair Following a campaign in the 1960s and early 1970s, most road-signs in Gaeltacht regions have been in Irish only. Most maps and government documents did not change, though Ordnance Survey (government) maps showed placenames bilingually in the Gaeltacht (and generally in English only elsewhere). Most commercial map companies retained the English placenames, leading to some confusion. The Act therefore updates government documents and maps in line with what has been reality in the Gaeltacht for the past 30 years. Private map companies are expected to follow suit.
Cost of Irish In a 2011 comment on Irish education, professor
Edward M. Walsh deplored the fact that the state spends about €1,000,000,000 p.a. on teaching Irish, although he did not say how he had arrived at this figure. He called for a ...phased reallocation of part of the €1 billion committed each year to teaching Irish is a good place to start. All students should be introduced to the Irish language at primary level, but after that resources should be directed only to those who have shown interest and commitment. The old policies of compulsion that have so inhibited the restoration of the language should be abandoned. Walsh's remarks provoked further comment for and against his suggestion. Much of the discussion of the cost of Irish has arisen from its official use in the
European Union, particularly with regard to the translation of documents. It has been pointed out that, though the European Parliament does not supply a breakdown of costs by language, on the figures available Irish is not the most expensive to translate of the 24 languages used. The total amount spent on translation of languages per year has been established at €1.1 billion, described as amounting to €2.20 per EU citizen per year. It has been argued that any extra expense incurred in translating into Irish is due to a lack of translators. Such translators in many cases need specialist knowledge, especially of law. The Irish Department of Education provides courses accordingly, run by
University College Cork,
University College, Galway, and
Kings Inns. By 2015, 243 translators had been trained at a cost of €11m, and the logging of Irish terms into an international language database had cost €1.85M.
Companies using Irish People corresponding with state bodies can generally send and receive correspondence in Irish or English. The
ESB, Irish Rail/
Iarnród Éireann and
Irish Water/Uisce Éireann have Irish-speaking customer support representatives and offer both Irish and English language options on their phone lines, along with written communication in both languages. These services are being phased in to all State organisations. The Emergency response number 112 or 999 also have agents who deal with emergency calls in both languages. All state companies are obliged to have bilingual signage and stationery and have Irish language options on their websites with the Official Languages Act 2003.
InterCity (Iarnród Éireann) and
Commuter (Iarnród Éireann) trains,
Luas trams and
Bus Éireann and
Dublin Bus buses display the names of their destinations bilingually and their internal signage and automated oral announcements on their vehicles are bilingual. Tickets can be ordered from Luas ticket machines in Irish along with some other languages. Most public bodies have Irish language or bilingual names. Most private companies in Ireland have no formal provision for the use of Irish, but it is not uncommon for garages, cafes and other commercial establishments to display some signage in Irish.
Daily Life tram on Abbey Street Dublin. "Luas" is the Irish language word for "Speed" and the company has a bilingual policy campus Dublin The population of the Republic of Ireland was predicted to be 5.01 million in April 2021 according to the
CSO. Irish is a main domestic, work or community language for approximately 2% of the population of Ireland.
Hiberno-English has been heavily influenced by the Irish language, and words derived from Irish, including whole phrases, continue to be a feature of English as spoken in Ireland: ("goodbye"), ("get home safely"), ("good health"; used when drinking like "bottoms up" or "cheers"). The term
craic has been popularised in a
Gaelicised spelling: "How's the
craic?" or "What's the craic?" ("how's the fun?"/"how is it going?"). Many of the main social media forum websites have Irish language options. These include Facebook, Google, Twitter, Gmail and Wordpress. Several computer software products also have an Irish language option. Prominent examples include
Microsoft Office,
Mozilla Thunderbird, and
Microsoft Windows operating systems (since
Windows XP SP2).
An Taibhdhearc, based in Galway and founded in 1928, is the national Irish language theatre. There is also a theatre called
Amharclann Ghaoth Dobhair, based in the Donegal Gaeltacht. Plays in Irish may sometimes be seen elsewhere. Partly due to work by
Gael-Taca and
Gaillimh le Gaeilge, there are residential areas with names in Irish in most counties in Ireland. Over 500 new residential areas were named in Irish during the late 1990s to late 2000s property boom in Ireland.
Supporting areas In 2016 it was announced that Galway City, Dingle and Letterkenny would be the first recognised
Bailte Seirbhíse Gaeltachta / Gaeltacht Service Towns under the
Gaeltacht Act 2012, subject to adoption and implementation of approved language plans. There are now 16 Gaeltacht Service Towns - the others being Cork City, Clifden, Athboy, Navan, Ballinrobe, Cahersiveen, Castlebar, Belmullet, Dungloe, Donegal Town, Dungarvan, Macroom and Tralee. In 2018, it was announced that five areas outside the Gaeltacht on the island of Ireland would be formally recognised as having the first
Irish language networks under the Gaeltacht Act 2012. These networks were in
West Belfast,
Loughrea,
Carn Tóchair, Ennis and
Clondalkin. At the time, Foras na Gaeilge stated they hope to award the status of
Líonraí Gaeilge to other areas in the future.
Media Radio Casla Conamara Irish has a significant presence in radio.
RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta (Gaeltacht radio) has gone beyond its original brief, covering not only the Gaeltacht but also national and international news and issues. It is owned and operated by public service broadcaster
Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), which is Irish for
Radio Television Ireland. It broadcasts across the island of Ireland on FM, although the station and all of its studios are based in the Republic of Ireland. There are also two Irish language-medium community radio stations:
Raidió na Life in Dublin and
Raidió Fáilte in Belfast, the former being older and more recognised as an important training station for those wishing to work in radio professionally. There is also a station for young people called
Raidió Rí-Rá which is available in some areas on
DAB. All three regional stations - Raidió na Life, Raidió Rí-Rá and Raidió Fáilte - seek to become national stations broadcasting on FM. All radio stations in the Republic are obliged by the
Broadcasting Act 2009 to have Irish language programming. Most commercial radio stations in the Republic have a weekly Irish language programme. RTÉ radio stations have daily Irish language programmes or news reports. Community radio stations in the Republic of Ireland usually have at least one Irish-language programme per week which may be their own programme depending on the number of Irish speakers available in their stations and/or they often rebroadcast the weekly
Scoth na Seachtaine ("Best of the Week") radio programme which Raidió na Life produce and offer to other community radio stations. Near FM, the community radio station covering north-east Dublin City, broadcasts Irish language programmes five days per week including their own
Ar Mhuin na Muice programme service.
BBC Northern Ireland broadcasts an Irish-language service called
Blas.
Television The national Irish language television station is based in Baile na hAbhann in Conamara The Irish-language television station
TG4 offers a wide variety of programming, including dramas, rock and pop shows, a technology show, travel shows, documentaries and an award-winning soap opera called
Ros na Rún, with around 160,000 viewers per week. In 2022 TG4 reported that overall their average audience share increased to 1.96% of the national television market in the Republic of Ireland. This market share is up from about 1.5% in the late 1990s. The Ofcom 2014 annual report for Northern Ireland said that TG4 had an average share of 3% of the market in Northern Ireland. TG4 delivers 16 hours a day of television from an annual budget in 2022 of €44.9 million. On 8 September 2023
Cúla4 launched as a stand-alone children's television channel broadcasting from 6.00 to 20.00 every day. The channel is a part of the TG4 Group. Speaking at the launch of Cúla4, the
Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media,
Catherine Martin, said:
RTÉ News Now is a 24-hour digital television news service available featuring national and international news. It broadcasts mostly English language news and current affairs and also broadcasts a news bulletin in Irish at 17.00 during the week and subsequently the longer full Nuacht RTÉ daily RTÉ 1 Irish language news television programme every evening at 17.40 or 17.45.
Print Literature Though Irish is the language of a small minority, it has a distinguished modern literature. The foremost prose writer is considered to be
Máirtín Ó Cadhain (1906–1970), whose dense and complex work has been compared to that of
James Joyce. Two major poets are
Seán Ó Ríordáin (1907–1977) and the lyricist and scholar
Máire Mhac an tSaoi (1922–2021). There are many less notable figures who have produced interesting work. In the first half of the 20th century the best writers were from the Gaeltacht or closely associated with it. Remarkable autobiographies from this source include
An tOileánach ("The Islandman") by
Tomás Ó Criomhthain (1856–1937) and
Fiche Bliain ag Fás ("Twenty Years A'Growing") by
Muiris Ó Súilleabháin (1904–1950). Following demographic trends, the bulk of contemporary writing now comes from writers of urban background. Irish has also proved to be an excellent vehicle for scholarly work, though chiefly in such areas as Irish-language media commentary and analysis, literary criticism and historical studies. There are several publishing houses, among them
Coiscéim and
Cló Iar-Chonnacht, which specialise in Irish-language material and which together produce scores of titles every year.
Religious texts The Bible has been available in Irish since the 17th century through the
Church of Ireland. In 1964 the first
Roman Catholic version was produced at
Maynooth under the supervision of Professor Pádraig Ó Fiannachta and was finally published in 1981. The
Church of Ireland Book of Common Prayer of 2004 is available in an Irish-language version.
Periodicals Irish has an online newspaper called
Tuairisc.ie which is funded by Foras na Gaeilge and advertisers. This replaces previous Foras na Gaeilge-funded newspapers which were available both in print and online. The newspapers
Foinse (1996–2013) and
Gaelscéal (2010–2013) ceased publication in 2013. Between 1984 and 2003 there was a Belfast-based Irish language weekly newspaper
Lá which relaunched as
Lá Nua and ran as a daily national newspaper between 2003 and 2008 and had a readership of several thousand. The board of Foras na Gaeilge announced they were ending funding to the newspaper in late 2008 and the newspaper folded soon after. The
Irish News has two pages in Irish every day. The
Irish Times publishes the Irish-language page "Bileog" on Mondays and other articles in Irish in the section
Treibh. The
Irish Independent publishes an Irish language supplement called "Seachtain" on Wednesdays and the
Irish Daily Star publish an article in Irish on Saturdays. The immigrants' newspaper
Metro Éireann also has an article in Irish every issue, as do some other local and regional papers throughout the country. The British Government have a legal obligation to provide funding to help run a Northern Ireland-based Irish language newspaper but as of 2023 not much pressure has been put on them to supply the funding. Several magazines are published in the language. These include the "flagship" monthly review
Comhar, devoted to new literature and current affairs and
An tUltach, a magazine of the Ulster branch of
Conradh na Gaeilge. A monthly magazine produced by Conradh na Gaeilge called
Feasta ceased publication in 2023 after being in print for 75 years A quarterly magazine called
An Gael, is published in North America.
Nós is the only lifestyle magazine in Irish directed chiefly to a younger readership.
Contemporary music and comedy The revival of Irish traditional folk music in the sixties may initially have hindered the creation of contemporary folk and pop music in Irish. Traditional music, though still popular, now shares the stage with modern Irish-language compositions, a change due partly to the influence of
Seachtain na Gaeilge. Yearly albums of contemporary song in Irish now appear, though most are translations from English. The artists have included Mundy, The Frames, The Coronas, The Corrs, The Walls, Paddy Casey,
Kíla, Luan Parle, Gemma Hayes, Bell X1 and comedian/rapper Des Bishop. The Irish-language summer college
Coláiste Lurgan has made popular video versions in Irish of English-language pop songs. There are two Irish-language radio programmes series specialising in popular music that are broadcast on many of the generally English medium commercial radio stations in Ireland, both created by Digital Audio Productions:
Top 40 Oifigiúil na hÉireann and
Giotaí. Top 40 Oifigiúil na hÉireann (Ireland's Official Top 40) was first broadcast in 2007. It has become increasingly common to hear Irish top 40 hits presented in Irish by radio stations normally associated with English: East Coast FM, Flirt FM, Galway Bay FM, LM FM, Midwest Radio, Beat 102 103, Newstalk, Red FM, Spin 1038, Spin South West and Wired FM.
Electric Picnic, a music festival attended by thousands, features DJs from the Dublin-based Irish-language radio station Raidió na Life, as well as celebrities from Irish-language media doing sketches and comedy.
Dara Ó Briain and
Des Bishop are among the latter, Bishop (an American by origin) having spent a well-publicised year in the Conamara Gaeltacht to learn the language and popularise its use. 2017 saw the hip-hop trio
Kneecap, an Irish speaking band based in Belfast being formed. They have developed a significant following in Belfast, selling out shows in Ireland. They have even developed followings in England and Scotland.
Education Gaeltacht schools There are 127 Irish-language primary and 29 secondary schools in the Gaeltacht regions, with over 9,000 pupils at primary level and over 3,000 at secondary being educated through Irish. There are also around 1,000 children in Irish language preschools or
Naíonraí in the regions. In Gaeltacht areas education has traditionally been through Irish since the foundation of the state in 1922. A growing number of schools now teach through English, given that the official Gaeltacht boundaries no longer reflect linguistic reality. Even when most students were brought up with Irish, the language was taught only as an L2 (second) language, with English being taught as an L1 (first) language. Professor David Little commented: In 2015 Minister for Education and Skills
Jan O'Sullivan TD announced that there would be a comprehensive change in the instruction and teaching of Irish in Gaeltacht schools which would include an updated curriculum for students, with greater immersion in the language and more resources. In 2016
Taoiseach Enda Kenny launched the State Policy on Gaeltacht Education 2017–2022. As a result, new students in most Gaeltacht schools now have deeper formal immersion in the Irish language at primary and second level and are also taught the language as a new Irish Junior Certificate subject tailored for L1 speakers. It is expected that a new Irish language Leaving Certificate subject for L1 speakers will come into the same schools (and maybe
Gaelcholáistí also) by 2024. The Gaeltacht Education Policy represents a fundamental change in education in the Gaeltacht, and allows schools which teach through English to opt out of being classed as Gaeltacht schools.
Irish-medium education outside the Gaeltacht There has been rapid growth in a branch of the State-sponsored school system (mostly urban) in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools - which are officially called
Gaelscoileanna - are found both in middle-class and disadvantaged areas. Their success is due to limited but effective community support and a professional administrative infrastructure. and An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta or COGG in the Republic of Ireland and by Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta in Northern Ireland. In 1972, outside official Irish-speaking areas, there were only 11 such schools at primary level and five at secondary level but as of 2023 there are now 188 Gaelscoileanna at primary level and 31 Gaelcholáistí and 17 Aonaid Ghaeilge (Irish language units within English-medium schools) at second level. These schools educate over 50,000 students and there is now at least one in each of the 32 traditional counties of Ireland. There are also over 4,000 children in Irish-medium preschools or
Naíonraí outside the Gaeltacht. These schools have a high academic reputation, thanks to committed teachers and parents. Their success has attracted other parents who seek good examination performance at a moderate cost. The result has been termed a system of "positive social selection," with such schools giving exceptional access to tertiary education and so to employment - an analysis of "feeder" schools (which supply students to third level institutions) has shown that 22% of the Irish-medium schools sent all their students on to tertiary level, compared to 7% of English-medium schools. Since September 2017 new students in Irish language-medium secondary schools have been taught a new L1 Irish language subject for their Junior Certificate which is specially designed for schools teaching through Irish. It is expected that a new L1 Irish language subject for Leaving Certificate students in Irish-medium schools will be introduced in 2024.
An Foras Pátrúnachta is the largest patron body of Gaelscoileanna in the Republic of Ireland.
Irish summer colleges There are 47 Irish-language summer colleges. These supplement the formal curriculum, providing Irish language courses, and giving students the opportunity to be immersed in the language, usually for a period of two weeks. Some courses are college-based but generally make use of host families in
Gaeltacht areas under the guidance of a
bean an tí for second-level students. Students attend classes, participate in sports, art, drama, music, go to
céilithe and other
summer camp activities through the medium of Irish. As with conventional schools, the Department of Education establishes the boundaries for class size and teacher qualifications. Over 25,000 second-level students from all over Ireland attend Irish-language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht every Summer. Irish language summer colleges for second-level students in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented at national level by
CONCOS. There are also shorter courses. Irish-language summer colleges for second-level students in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented at the national level by CONCOS. Additionally, there are shorter courses for primary and third-level students in a number of colleges. and third-level students in a number of colleges.
Irish in English-medium schools The Irish language is a compulsory subject in government-funded schools in the Republic of Ireland and has been so since the early days of the state. At present the language must be studied throughout secondary school, but students need not sit the examination in the final year. It is taught as a second language (L2) at second level, to native (L1) speakers and learners (L2) alike. English is offered as a first (L1) language only, even to those who speak it as a second language. The curriculum was reorganised in the 1930s by Father Timothy Corcoran SJ of
UCD, who could not speak the language himself. In recent years the design and implementation of compulsory Irish have been criticised with growing vigour for their ineffectiveness. In March 2007, the Minister for Education,
Mary Hanafin, announced that more attention would be given to the spoken language, and that from 2012 the percentage of marks available in the Leaving Certificate Irish exam would increase from 25% to 40% for the oral component. This increased emphasis on the oral component of the Irish examinations is likely to change the way Irish is examined. Despite this, there is still a strong emphasis on the written word at the expense of the spoken, involving analysis of literature and poetry and the writing of lengthy essays and stories in Irish for the (L2)
Leaving Certificate examination. An extra 5–10% marks are awarded to students who take some certain examinations through Irish, though the propriety of this practice has been questioned by the Irish Equality Authority. It is possible to secure an exemption from learning Irish on the grounds of time spent abroad or a learning disability, subject to Circular 12/96 (primary education) and Circular M10/94 (secondary education) issued by the
Department of Education. In the three years up to 2010, over half the students granted an exemption from studying Irish for the Leaving Certificate because of a learning difficulty sat or intended to sit for other European language examinations such as French or German. The
Royal Irish Academy's 2006 conference on "Language Policy and Language Planning in Ireland" found that the study of Irish and other languages in Ireland was declining. It was recommended, therefore, that training and living for a time in a Gaeltacht area should be compulsory for teachers of Irish. No reference was made to the decline of the language in the Gaeltacht itself. The number of second-level students doing "higher level" Irish for the Irish Leaving Certificate increased from 14,359 (32%) in 2011 to 23,176 (48%) in 2019. According to the most recent annual figures, 61,737 students sat the Leaving Certificate in 2023 and of those, 12,578 students did not sit the Irish language exam, the majority of whom had an exemption from studying Irish, with the remaining students choosing not to sit the exam. The number of students sitting the Higher Level Irish language exam have remained at a similar level for several years after the introduction of the 40% oral Irish policy in 2012, with circa 40% of all Leaving Cert. students continuing to study and sit Honours Level for the Leaving Certificate.
Debate concerning compulsory Irish The abolition of compulsory Irish for the Leaving Certificate has been a policy advocated in 3 Irish General Elections by
Fine Gael, a major Irish party which more recently won power in the 2011 general election as part of a coalition with the
Labour Party. This policy was the cause of disapproving comment by many Irish language activists before the election. In 2005
Enda Kenny, leader of Fine Gael, called for the language to be made an optional subject in the last two years of secondary school. Kenny, despite being a fluent speaker himself (and a teacher), stated that he believed that compulsory Irish has done the language more harm than good. The point was made again in April 2010 by Fine Gael's education spokesman
Brian Hayes, who said that forcing students to learn Irish was not working, and was actually driving young people away from real engagement with the language. The question provoked a public debate, with some expressing resentment of what they saw as the coercion involved in compulsory Irish. Fine Gael now places primary emphasis on improved teaching of Irish, with greater emphasis on oral fluency rather than the rote learning that characterises the current system. In 2014 just over 7,000 students chose not to sit their Irish Leaving Cert exams, down from almost 14,000 in 2009. In 2007 the Government abolished the requirement for barristers and solicitors to pass a written Irish language examination before becoming eligible to commence professional training in the Kings Inns or Blackhall Place. A Government spokesman said it was part of a move to abolish requirements which were no longer practical or realistic. The Bar Council and Law Society run compulsory oral Irish language workshops as part of their professional training courses.
Irish at tertiary level in Ireland There are third-level courses offered in Irish at all universities (
UCC,
TCD,
UCD,
DCU,
UL,
NUIM,
NUIG,
TUD,
UU,
QUB) and most also have Irish language departments. The national
Union of Students in Ireland has a full-time Irish language officer. Most universities in the Republic have Irish-language officers elected by the students. University College Cork (UCC) maintains a unique site where old texts of Irish relevance in several languages, including Irish, are available in a scholarly format for public use. ==Northern Ireland== Under the
Identity and Language Act of 2022, Irish is recognised as an official language in Northern Ireland. 6,000 people (0.3%) in Northern Ireland claim to use Irish as their main home language according to the 2021 UK Census with 71,900 people being able to speak Irish (circa 4% of population) and 228,600 people overall in the province (12.4%) having some knowledge of the language. It is the second most spoken language in Northern Ireland. There are 36
Gaelscoileanna, two
Gaelcholáistí and three Aonaid Ghaeilge (Irish-language units) in English-medium secondary schools in Northern Ireland. According to
Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta there is as of 2023 a demand for three further Gaelcholáistí in the province also in - North Belfast, Derry City and West Tyrone. Laws passed by the
Parliament of Northern Ireland, and still in force, state that only English could be used in public street signs, but Irish and
Ulster Scots are used by businesses with bilingual (Irish/English) and trilingual (Irish/English/Ulster Scots) signage seen. Irish was taught in Catholic secondary schools (especially by the
Christian Brothers) but not taught at all in the controlled sector, mostly attended by Protestant pupils. Irish-medium schools, however, known as
Gaelscoileanna, were founded in
Belfast and
Derry. These schools and the Gaelscoileanna movement has since expanded to across much of Northern Ireland similar to its expansion in the Republic of Ireland. An Irish-language newspaper called
Lá (later called
Lá Nua) produced by The Andersonstown News Group (later called Belfast Media Group) was also established in Belfast in 1984 and ran as a daily newspaper between 2003 and 2008. The paper is no longer produced due to a decision by Foras na Gaeilge to cease funding it in late 2008.
BBC Radio Ulster began broadcasting a nightly half-hour programme in Irish in the early 1980s called
Blas ("taste, accent") and
BBC Northern Ireland also showed its first TV programme in the language in the early 1990s. BBC Northern Ireland now have an Irish Language Department in their headquarters in Belfast. In 2006
Raidió Fáilte Northern Ireland's first Irish language community radio station started broadcasting to the Greater Belfast Area and is one of only two Irish language community radio stations on the island of Ireland, the other being
Raidió na Life in Dublin. In October 2018 the station moved to a new building on the junction of the Falls Road and the Westlink motorway. The
Ultach Trust was established with a view to broadening the appeal of the language among Protestants, although
DUP politicians like
Sammy Wilson ridiculed it as a "
leprechaun language".
Ulster Scots, promoted by some
loyalists, was, in turn, ridiculed by nationalists and even some
Unionists as "a
DIY language for
Orangemen". Irish received official recognition in Northern Ireland for the first time in 1998 under the
Good Friday Agreement's provisions on "parity of esteem". A cross-border body known as
Foras na Gaeilge was established to promote the language in both Northern Ireland and the Republic, taking over the functions of the previous Republic-only . The Agreement (and subsequent implementation measures and memoranda) also contained specific provisions regarding the availability of the Irish language television service
TG4 signal in Northern Ireland. In 2001, the British government ratified the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect to Irish in Northern Ireland. In March 2005, TG4 began broadcasting from the Divis transmitter near Belfast, as a result of an agreement between the
Department of Foreign Affairs in the Republic of Ireland and the UK
Northern Ireland Office. Following Digital Switchover for terrestrial television transmissions in both parts of Ireland in 2012, TG4 is now carried on Freeview HD for viewers in Northern Ireland (channel 51) as well as to those households in Border areas that have spillover reception of the ROI Saorview platform (channel 104). TG4 also continues to be available on other TV delivery platforms across Northern Ireland: Sky (channel 163) and Virgin Cable customers in Belfast (channel 877). .
Belfast City Council has designated the Falls Road area (from Milltown Cemetery to Divis Street) as the
Gaeltacht Quarter of Belfast, one of the four cultural quarters of the city. There are a growing number of Irish-medium schools throughout Northern Ireland (e.g. see photo above).
Forbairt Feirste work with the business sector across Belfast to promote the Irish language in the business sector and have been very successful in Nationalist areas. In February 2018, Foras na Gaeilge announced that West Belfast and Carn Tóchair in Derry are going to be designated as having two of the first state-recognised
Líonraí Gaeilge (Irish Language Networks) on the island of Ireland outside the Gaeltacht. The other areas to be designated in 2018 as having Líonraí Gaeilge are Loughrea, Ennis and Clondalkin in the Republic of Ireland. Under the
St Andrews Agreement, the UK Government committed to introduce an Irish Language Act. Although a consultation document on the matter was published in 2007, the restoration of devolved government by the
Northern Ireland Assembly later that year meant that responsibility for language transferred from London to Belfast. In October 2007, the then
Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure,
Edwin Poots MLA announced to the Assembly that he did not intend to bring forward an Irish language Bill. The debate over a proposed
Acht na Gaeilge or Irish Language Act has been a central bone of contention between Sinn Féin and the DUP since early 2017 in their efforts to reestablish the Northern Ireland Executive.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38601181 Irish is recognised as an official language of Northern Ireland as of 6 December 2022 when the
Identity and Language Act became law. The Irish Language Act officially repealed legislation from 1737 that banned the use of Irish in courts. ==Outside Ireland==