List of female scientists before the 20th century

by Julia Margaret Cameron • Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician • Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece • Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens • Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician • Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher • Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist • Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician • Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician • Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist • Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making" • Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher • Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece • Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher • Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist • Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun • Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician • Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician • Thelka, Iranian • Theosebeia, correspondent of the alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis • Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician ==Middle Ages==

• Abella (14th century), Italian physician • Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician • Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician • Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse • Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician • Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon • Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician • Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine • Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician • Katherine Briçonnet (–1526) French architect • Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon • Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient. • Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician • Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician ==16th century==

• Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist • Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist • Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist • Plautilla Bricci (1616–1690) Italian architect • Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist • Anna Hebrea (fl. 1508), Italian cosmetologist-chemist • Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist • Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist • Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon • Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher • Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician • Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon • Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician • Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist • Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician ==17th century==

• Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist • Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher • Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work • Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist • Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist • Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher • Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician • Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet • Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher • Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician • Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer • Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer • Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer • Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer • Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist • Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer • Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist ==18th century==

by Maurice Quentin de La Tour • Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician • Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist • Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713– fl. 1740) French dentist • Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer • Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist • Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector • Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator • Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist • Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist • Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist • Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher • Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy • Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor • Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher • Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist • Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist • Madeleine-Françoise Calais (1713 or 1714–fl. 1740) was a French dentist • María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician • Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist • Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician • Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist • (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist • Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife • Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician • Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist • Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist • Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies • Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician • Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian • Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist • Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician • Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory • Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist • Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor • Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist • Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer • Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist • Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer • Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer • Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer • Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife • Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer • Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator • Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer • Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist • Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist • Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer • Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist • Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist • Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist • Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist • Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill • Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist • Elizabeth Carrington Morris (1795–1865), American botanist • Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician • Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician • Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist • Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer • Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician • Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist • Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician • Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher • Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician • Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic • Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist • Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer ==19th century==

Anthropology • Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist • Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist • Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist • Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist • Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist • Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer • Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist Archeology • Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist • Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist • Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist Astronomy • Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer • Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer • Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer • Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer Biology or natural history • Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist • Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian • Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer • Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian • Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom • Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist Psychology • Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist • Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist • Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist • Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst Science education • Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books • Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books • Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator • Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor Sociology • Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist • Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist • Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist ==See also==