BRICS

Founding Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS. The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998. The term BRIC, as compared to the alternate term CRIB, O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric". The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009. The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending. The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions amid the Great Recession. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future, Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies. 2010 expansion In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year. South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China, and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries. At the third BRICS summit in 2011 in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time. New Development Bank and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023 In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. They planned to set up this New Development Bank (known at the time as the "BRICS Development Bank") by 2014. At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia committed $18 billion each; and South Africa committed $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve. In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015. In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100billion New Development Bank and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed. The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília. Other initiatives in Russia Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (Institute of Geography and Statistics (Brazil), Federal State Statistics Service (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics (China), the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries. Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable. Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory. Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost. In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group held in Brasília, Brazil. The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms. During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process. In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin. In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including the Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually. In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them. In 2021, BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this. The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia, and India. In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station. Discussions BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan, Gaza, Lebanon, Sudan, Haiti, Syria and Ukraine. NATO air strikes in Libya were discussed during the third summit. In 2023, South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war. In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS. 2024 expansion In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that six emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024. However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application. On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join BRICS. On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process. By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc, making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership. Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter. As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration. The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order. China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS. On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries". The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives. It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations. 2025 expansion On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member, making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024. 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRICI," given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China. The partnerships that were announced in the previous year went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on 17 January. == Statistics ==

BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population, and 25% of the world's landmass. The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019. In 2022, the BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%. BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit. BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide. In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%. Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024). BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022. The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP. BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU. The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%. In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows. and BRICS GDP (PPP) in world economy as from 1990 to 2022 In 2024, the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%. BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output. According to Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045. United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020. • Bold indicates has higher value compared to other. Comparison of G7 and BRICS countries in GDP (nominal) (1990–2030) • G7 countries • BRICS countries == Rotating BRICS presidency ==

Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis. The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. Several ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers, and energy ministers. In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil. The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime — especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council. India has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2026. == Leaders' summits ==

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via videoconference due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ==Member states==

. The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting for about 70% of the organization's total. is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects with authorized lending of up to $34billion annually. The bank has a starting capital of $50billion, with wealth increased to $100billion over time. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10billion each to bring the total to $50billion. By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32billion for 96 projects. In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB. BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures. This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures. The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015. BRICS payment system At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies. The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system. China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions. India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix. Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa. Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union. BRICS Bridge — a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY — makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of its CBDC exchange rate. One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral. A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia. In parallel with institutional initiatives, a proposal has been put forward for a supranational currency known as UNIT, designed by the International Reserve and Investment Asset System (IRIAS). Each coin would be backed by a fixed reserve basket of 40% physical gold and 60% fiat currencies, with its value measured in a gold-equivalent standard. The system is designed to be decentralized, allowing qualified nodes (sovereign or private) to mint tokens by depositing the required assets. While not an official BRICS initiative, it has been discussed as a potential mechanism to facilitate cross-border trade and investment, reduce reliance on single-nation reserve currencies, and enhance financial multipolarity. == Peace and security ==

, Ukraine after the Russian attack on 30 October 2024 At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan in October 2024, the Kazan Declaration was issued to encourage adherence to the UN Charter and support diplomatic efforts for a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Ukraine. It expressed deep concern over the humanitarian situation in the Palestinian Territory—particularly the escalation of violence in Gaza and the West Bank, noted alarm over the situation in Southern Lebanon, and called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. At the BRICS session on Peace and Security during the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil, a resolution was adopted in which BRICS nations "condemned in the strongest terms" the 2025 Pahalgam attack and called for terrorism to be combatted "in all its forms and manifestations, including the cross-border movement of terrorists, terrorism financing and safe havens." While Pakistan was not directly named, the Indian Express reported that the reference to cross-border terrorism was widely interpreted as aimed at Islamabad. The leaders further urged a stance of zero tolerance, stated that BRICS "rejected double standards in countering terrorism", and called for the "expeditious finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN framework", as well as "concerted actions against all UN-designated terrorists and terrorist entities." In January 2026, a joint military exercise Will For Peace 2026 brought together navies from BRICS Plus countries China, Iran, Russia and South Africa, alongside Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia and Indonesia participating as observers. Internal divisions became more apparent within the expanded BRICS bloc when the organization failed to issue a joint statement on the 2026 Iran war. Despite calls from Iran for a unified stance against the U.S.-Israel military campaign, the bloc remained deadlocked, largely due to the direct involvement of both Iran and the United Arab Emirates—who are on opposing sides of the conflict—as members. == Environment ==

BRICS is considered as a climate-critical group, even though the theme India has chosen for its presidency is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”. This is considered a problem of absence of climate justice. Global climate finance is $1.9 trillion per year, while $7.4 trillion are needed, very few is going to adaptation, the countries of the global south are struggling to find resources for climate action. India’s BRICS presidency can be used to build some just climate financial system. It can be done through the New Development Bank and by a unified BRICS position on Carbon Markets. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) entered full effect in 2026 and BRICS condemned it as “unilateral, punitive and discriminatory,”. For India alone, it could reduce steel export revenue by $25 million this year, and the cost is set to rise sharply. For adress the problem, BRICS can, for example, join Brazil’s Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets as a bloc. The coalition was endorsed by 18 countries including China, the EU, the U.K., and Canada. It is writing now the rules about carbon credits globally. BRICS can join for shaping the rules from the inside instead of objecting from the outside. == Reception ==

World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities, disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform, and India and China's disputes over territorial issues. There is scope for multilateralism in space, and collaboration in the space governance sector. ILO Director-General Guy Ryder has positively received joint declarations and statements of the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS over the years. These statements cover decent work, He notes how China has pushed for enlargement, while India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the group's exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-Western stance. Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute wrote in November 2024 that the pivot toward BRICS by several countries in the Global South, especially visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU. To address this, Brender argued that the EU should think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South., Brazil, in November 2019 welcoming the BRICS leaders Canada Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-Western is not likely. The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China –, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance. In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order". France French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first Western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023. Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world. Germany A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level. German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner". A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake-up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined. "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance." Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception." In 2016, Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures, including "institutionalized cooperation". He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world". In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit. Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get a "distortionary ideological edge". In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won't let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers. The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist. Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western. At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions". Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term." While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided. At the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro on 7 July 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that India would give a "new form" to the BRICS grouping during its presidency in 2026. He proposed redefining BRICS as "Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability" and emphasized a people-centric approach, drawing parallels with India's G-20 presidency, where the Global South was prioritized. Modi affirmed that India would advance BRICS with a focus on "humanity first". Modi also called for the urgent reform of global institutions to reflect the realities of the 21st century, emphasized greater representation for the Global South, and criticized organizations like the UN Security Council and the World Trade Organization. Iran Iran's admission as a member in 2023 has been touted by the country as a "strategic success". Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as president stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing". Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS. Russia , Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, 23 October 2024 In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective. The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world's financial and trading systems." At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar. Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role. Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening. In March 2025, President Putin suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process. According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements. Firstly, prior cooperation and current relationship with the West are major factors in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned. President Zelensky also criticized the presence of the UN Secretary General at the summit. United States On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association. A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals". According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival. As U.S. president he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term. On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS. In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead". He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat. Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia"; the same goes for Iran. Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness. United Kingdom After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance. == Current leaders ==

Current leading member state representatives: File:Foto oficial do Presidente da República Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (cropped) (2).jpg| Lula da Silva President of Brazil File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg| Vladimir Putin President of Russia File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg| Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India File:Xi Jinping 2025 (cropped).jpg| Xi Jinping President of China File:21.11.2025 – Presidente da República da África do Sul, Cyril Ramaphosa (54938010569) (cropped).jpg| Cyril Ramaphosa President of South Africa File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi President of Egypt File:Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed Ali (cropped).jpg| Abiy Ahmed Prime Minister of Ethiopia File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait.jpg| Prabowo Subianto President of Indonesia File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg| Masoud Pezeshkian President of Iran File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan - 2024 (cropped).jpg| Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan President of the United Arab Emirates ==See also==