The Chronicles of Manipur, called
Cheitharol Kumbaba state that, in 1470 CE,
King Kiyamba of Manipur and King Choupha Khekkhompa of
Pong (identified with the state of
Mogaung) conquered together the principalities of Thaungdut and Khampat: "Kyangs" refers to "
Chins", the Burmese name for the tribes inhabiting the
Northern Arakan Yomas, who are called "
Kukis" on the Indian side of the border. After their victory, the two kings divided the conquered land among themselves, with Khampat and some part of Thaungdut (possibly the northern part of the Kabaw Valley) going to Manipur, and Thaungdut in the Chindwin River valley going to Pong. Thaungdut, a
Shan principality, appears to have remained for a considerable period, possibly as a subsidiary of Pong. Nothing more is heard of Khampat after this conquest. The headquarters of the principality appears to have shifted to
Tamu, close to the route to Manipur called the "Aimol Pass". Around 1555, the King
Bayinnaung of the
Toungoo dynasty unified all of present day
Burma (Myanmar), conquering or receiving tribute from all the Shan kingdoms in the north. His prestige was so great that the Manipur kingdom is said to have become a tributary. Some time after Bayinnaung, Manipur declared independence, but the relations with Burma continued as late as 1704, when Manipur offered a princess in marriage to the Toungoo emperor. Border raids in both the directions occurred during the intervening period. In 1647 and 1692, Manipur is said to have raided Thaungdut and the empire sent levies to defend it. The Manipuris also acquired horsemanship from the Burmese during this period, and refined their skills by playing
Polo as a regular pastime. During the reign of
Garib Niwaz (), when the Toungoo empire became considerably weak, the Manipuris raided all the way to
Sagaing, opposite the capital
Ava, burnt villages and monasteries and carried off captives. Retribution to Manipur was delivered after the Toungoo dynasty was replaced by the
Konbaung dynasty in Burma, with
Alaungpaya coming to the throne in 1752. Alaungpaya personally invaded Manipur in 1758, causing considerable damage. He left after thirteen days, leaving forces permanently garrisoned at Tamu and Thaungdut. A more devastating invasion was made by his successor
Hsinbyushin in 1764 capturing numerous captives. The ruler
Bhagyachandra fled to Assam, where he remained for four years. Further raids continued till 1782 and Bhagyachandra's efforts to regain his throne were repeatedly repulsed. After 1782, Manipur appears to have been left alone in Bhagyachandra's hands, but raids on the Kabaw Valley are mentioned in the chronicles. In 1804, chiefs of fourteen outlying villages, including Tamu and Thaungdut, are said to have paid tribute to Bhagyachandra after a gap of 41 years. After Bhagyachandra's death, his sons quarreled for the throne, inviting Burmese interference.
Marjit Singh, who wanted to usurp the throne from his brother
Chourjit Singh, went to the Burmese King
Bodawpaya, taking gifts and seeking his help. In 1813, Bodawpaya moved forward bases into the Kabaw Valley, ousted Chourjit Singh from Manipur and installed Marjit Singh as the king of Manipur. In return Marjit Singh ceded Kabaw Valley to Burma. Marjit Singh's insubordination to Bodawpaya's successor
Bagyidaw in 1819 led to a final Burmese conquest of Manipur, and changed the Burmese policy from a demand for tribute to indirect administration through a puppet ruler. A permanent garrison was stationed in Manipur to back the installed administration. The Burmese occupation lasted seven years and ended only with the
First Anglo-Burmese War.
War and settlement During the Burmese occupation, the four sons of Bhagyachandra ensconced themselves in the neighbouring kingdom of
Cachar, whose ruler Gonvinda Chandra was their relative. From there, they sought British help to oust the Burmese from Manipur. After the Burmese occupied
Assam and started threatening the states bordering
British Bengal, the British declared war on Burma in 1824.
Gambhir Singh, one of the four sons, was provided funding to raise a 'Manipur Levy' from Manipuri expatriates, with the objective of driving the Burmese out of Manipur. It eventually consisted of 2000 men and was commanded by a British officer, Major F. J. Grant with Captain R. B. Pemberton as his assistant. The British proceeded on two fronts: a land invasion of Assam, which commenced immediately, and a naval invasion on the Burmese mainland starting in May 1824. Gambhir Singh's force entered Manipur in June 1825 and found that the Burmese forces had already left the state. They had been apparently recalled to fight against British advances along the valley of the
Irrawaddy River. In January 1826, Gambhir Singh marched to Kabaw Valley, where again only local men were present under the command of the chief of Thaungdut (Samjok). They were ensconced in two stockades, one at Tamu and another on the right bank of the Chindwin River. Both were easily defeated. By February 1826, the Burmese agreed to all the British terms and signed the
Treaty of Yandabo. By the treaty, they relinquished control over all the states bordering
British India, including Manipur. It was later recognized that the clause concerning Manipur was rather limited. It stipulated that "should Gumbheer Sing desire to return to that country, he shall be recognised by the King of Ava as Raja thereof". He was not explicitly recognised as an independent ruler. Nor was any territory or boundary mentioned. However, it became immediately clear that the Kabaw Valley was contested. After the conclusion of the treaty, some Burmese troops entered the Kabaw Valley but returned without entering into hostilities. Gambhir Singh submitted the matter to the decision of the British Government.
Henry Burney, who was sent as the British envoy to Ava, was charged with discussing the matter with the Burmese. He ascertained that the Burmese had no wish to claim suzerainty over Manipur. However, they did not accept Manipur's claim to the Kabaw Valley, and wanted it returned. Burney found that tensions were rather high over the issue. King Bogyidaw was firm in his demand for the Kabaw Valley and was quite prepared to renew hostilities for its sake. Several years of negotiations followed. Burney found the Burmese empire compiling the historical chronicles of all the Burmese kingdoms, which were made available to him to study. Based on his own studies, in addition to the Burmese arguments, Burney became convinced of the Burmese claim to the Kabaw Valley. In the eventual memorandum sent to the British Governor-General, he stated that the Kabaw Valley was in the possession of Burmese kings since 1370, and that, for 12 years prior to the outbreak of the war, it was in continuous Burmese possession. Further, he interpreted the Treaty of Yandabo to mean that Manipur was entitled to recover only those territories that it possessed before the war. However, Burney's report helped the Burmese claim and the Governor-General acceded to the demand to restore Kabaw Valley to Burma. The transfer took place on 9 January 1834. Grant and Pemberton were dispatched to define the boundary between Manipur and Burma along the Yomadong range, where it still lies. Manipur was compensated by the British government for the loss of its territory by an annual payment of Rs. 6,000, which state clearly as per the treaty of 1834, "It is to be distinctly understood that should any circumstance here after arise by which the portion of territory lately made over to Ava again reverts to Munnipore, the allowance now granted by the British Government will cease from the date of such reversion." Consequently, Manipuri considered it as lease to Burma, and as per James Johnstone, Kabaw Valley was in British possession in December 1885. ==Communities==