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Indo-European vocabulary

The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.

Animals
Past ğwā "cow" ?Pal kuwa(w)- "bull" pasti "to herd, pasture" '' (See also *bʰer-, bʰerH-) Lith ožỹs "goat" '''''' "to be spotted; salmon, trout" lax (< OE leax "salmon") OHG lahs "salmon" Russ losos "salmon" Lith lašiša "salmon"; Latv lasis "salmon" ==Food and farming==
Food and farming
} '''''' "to boil; to brew" brew ( burn ( bread ( broth ( "I burn, I'm hot" ⇒ ; fermentum "fermentation, leavening; ferment; anger" OCS burja "storm" Past yə́wa "plough" ==Bodily functions and states==
Bodily functions and states
==Mental functions and states==
Mental functions and states
==General conditions and states==
Natural features
"day, daily sky → the sky god";'''''' "heavenly → god" Complex ablauting stem: "Zeus" zot "god" "stone" hammer ( "anvil" áśman "stone"; aśmará "stony" kamy, gen. kamene "stone" Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "stone" '''''' "stone" (See also: *h₂ster-) '''''' "to rub, scrape off; ashes, dust" foveō "I warm, keep warm; nurture, foster"; fōmentum "a warm application; lotion"; ⇒ fōmes "kindling, tinder" febris "fever"; ⇒ februum, februarius "expiatory offerings, means of purification"; ⇒ téphrā "ashes" dáhati "it burns"; dagdhá- "burned, burnt" žešti (žeg-) "to burn"; žigŭ "burn mark, brand" Lith dė̃gis "burn scar", degti "to burn" djeg "burn" '''''' "dirt, mud" lutum "dirt, clay, mud"; polluō "I soil, defile, foul" ⇒ lûma "dirt, filth, smut; disgrace" Lith liutýnas "loam pit" OIr loth "mud" lym "mud" '''''' "sand" dale ( "vault" dolŭ "valley; depression" ==Directions==
Construction, fabrication
} '''''' "to build (up), put together" Lith dimstis "entryway", namas "house" Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders" B wāp- "to weave" ==Self-motion, rest==
Ideas and rituals
} '''''' "to praise, express approval; to elevate" ==Unclassified==
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