Lavnin

Lavnin is located in the central Judaean Lowlands, on the western bank of Nahal Hakhlil. The site is situated on a hill rising some above sea level. It lies northwest of Beit Gubrin, and about 1 kilometer west-north-west of Khirbat Umm Burj, directly south of Nehusha. ==Etymology and identification==

The name Lavnin is a reflection of popular etymology, the modern Hebrew name being a translation of the Arabic word Beida, meaning "white." Others say that its modern name represents "the hill of bricks," hence: Tell Livnin (livanim), based on a different pronunciation of the Hebrew that is typically written without vowels. Archaeologists are divided as to the site's original name, some holding the view that it may have been the biblical Libnah (Joshua 15:42; 21:13) based on its Arabic name, while others thought it to have been the Chezib of Judah, or the Azekah (Joshua 10:10–11) mentioned by Epiphanius. Archaeologist rejects the notion that the site could have been Chezib of Judah, saying that "since Khirbet Tell el-Bēḍā / Tel Lavnīn was clearly occupied during the Byzantine Period, it is questionable whether this site is the same as Eusebius’ ruined Chasbi." Others proposed that Libnah may be the ruin known as Tell eṣ-Ṣāfi, a view now largely rejected. Travellers C.W.M. van de Velde and H.B. Tristram both placed the ancient ruin of Libnah at the ruin called ʻIrâq el-Menshiyeh, where Kiryat Gat now stands; this view is also now largely rejected. Lt. Col. Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund professed to be uncertain about the site of the biblical Libnah, and was equally unfamiliar with the connection between the Arabic name el-Beida and Libnah (= "white"), although acknowledging that "it (Libnah) indicates the 'white' chalk of the Southern Shephelah, and it was taken by Joshua (Joshua 10:30) after Makkedah and before Lachish and Hebron." ==Flora and fauna==

The Mediterranean plants endemic to the area are the Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos), terebinth (Pistacia atlantica), lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus), buckthorn (Rhamnus lycioides), and strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne). Some of these trees have protected status. The area abounds also in fowl such as the partridge (Alectoris chukar), the honey-sucker, the bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos), the black-headed bunting, and the titmouse. The species of agamid lizard, Laudakia stellio, and hares (Lepus) are also common to this region. More rarely, the mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) and the honey-badger (Mellivora capensis) may be seen. == Archaeology ==

Surveys at Lavnin uncovered remains including potsherds, architectural elements, rock-cut tombs, and hiding complexes, indicating that the site was inhabited during the Iron Age, the Second Temple period, and the Byzantine period. The site is similar to many of those in the region, having a network of underground hiding complexes, thought to date back to the Bar Kokhba revolt. A burial cave was discovered on the western slope of the tell. The complex includes a courtyard, an entrance chamber, a main burial chamber, and an additional inner chamber. The original courtyard was almost entirely removed during a later period, when a large bell-shaped quarry was hewn into the area; the cave was looted in antiquity. Above one of the entrances, two inscriptions were found: one, written in crude mirror-script Greek, reads theos (God), while the other, more carefully incised, consists of the Hebrew letters יה. The burial chamber contains eight kokhim (burial niches). Based on its architectural style and layout, Boaz Zissu dated the cave to the first century CE. Two additional looted burial caves from the Second Temple period were uncovered during salvage monitoring on the eastern slope of the tell. Both caves featured kokhim and contained undecorated fragments of ossuaries. ==Research history==

Lieut. H. H. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund visited the site between the years 1874–75 and noted many caves, in one of which there were 120 niches in the wall, apparently used for urns. During an archaeological survey of the site in 1998, Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist Boaz Zissu described what appeared to be a "lion's den" at Tel Lavnin (having a side-entrance and an observation point from above), a Second Temple period ritual bath (mikveh), burial tombs from the same period, fortifications, and Byzantine era graffiti on the walls. In 2001, Zissu, on behalf of the IAA, conducted a second survey of the site, which abounds with burial caves, and contains a columbarium, along with water cisterns carved into the bedrock. A decorated lintel rests at the top of the hill. A small area containing two pits and a room with an arched vault built of ashlar stones was exposed in the northeastern part. == Conservation ==

In April 2019, the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee announced that the site would be incorporated into a new national park in the Judean Lowlands, called the "Lavnin Ridge Nature Reserve and National Park," an area to span over 1,000 dunams (250 acres) within the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. ==See also==

File:Cistern at Lavnin.jpg|Deep cistern at the Lavnin ruin File:חורבת לבנין 1.JPG|Cave entrance at Lavnin File:Lavnin Ruins - Kh. Tell el-Beida.jpg|Open pit at the Lavnin ruins File:Pit at Lavnin.jpg|Gaping hole of pit File:Ruins at Lavnin.jpg|General ruins at Lavnin (Kh. Tell el-Beida) File:Stone structures at Lavnin.jpg|Stone relics at Lavnin ruin File:View from Lavnin.jpg|View of valley below Kh. Tell el-Beida File:Wall at Lavnin.jpg|Wall structure at Lavnin File:Hilltop ruin of Khurbet el Beida.jpg|Hilltop ruin of Tell el-Beida (Lavnin) File:Burial cave entrance.jpg|Jewish burial cave and blocking stone ==References==