•
Agriculture – science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock •
Agronomy – science of cultivating plants for resources •
Biocomputers – systems of biologically derived molecules, such as
DNA and
proteins, are used to perform computational
calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The development of biological computing has been made possible by the expanding new science of
nanobiotechnology. •
Biocontrol –
bioeffector-method of
controlling pests (including insects,
mites, weeds and
plant diseases) using other living organisms. •
Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology •
Bioelectronics – field at the convergence of
electronics and biological sciences. The electrical state of biological matter significantly affects its structure and function, compare for instance the
membrane potential, the signal transduction by
neurons, the
isoelectric point (IEP) and so on. Micro- and nano-electronic components and devices have increasingly been combined with biological systems like
medical implants,
biosensors,
lab-on-a-chip devices etc. causing the emergence of this new scientific field. •
Biomaterials – any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine,
biology,
chemistry,
tissue engineering and
materials science. •
Biomedical science – healthcare science, also known as biomedical science, is a set of
applied sciences applying portions of
natural science or
formal science, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology of use in healthcare or
public health. Such disciplines as
medical microbiology,
clinical virology,
clinical epidemiology,
genetic epidemiology and
pathophysiology are medical sciences. •
Biomonitoring – measurement of the body burden of toxic
chemical compounds,
elements, or their
metabolites, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. •
Biopolymer –
polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric
biomolecules. Since they are
polymers, biopolymers contain
monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed:
polynucleotides (
RNA and
DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more
nucleotide monomers;
polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and
polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures. •
Biotechnology – manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology •
Conservation biology – the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management. •
Environmental health – multidisciplinary field concerned with
environmental epidemiology,
toxicology, and
exposure science. •
Fermentation technology – study of use of microorganisms for industrial manufacturing of various products like
vitamins,
amino acids,
antibiotics, beer, wine, etc. •
Food science – applied science devoted to the study of food. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce and conserve these foods, choice of packaging materials,
shelf-life studies, study of the effects of food on the human body, sensory evaluation of products using
panels or potential consumers, as well as microbiological, physical (texture and
rheology) and chemical testing. •
Genomics – application of
recombinant DNA,
DNA sequencing methods, and
bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of
genomes (the
complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism). The field includes efforts to determine the entire
DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale
genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as
heterosis,
epistasis,
pleiotropy and other interactions between
loci and
alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of
molecular biology or
genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks. •
Health sciences – sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. These two subject matters relate to multiple academic disciplines, both
STEM disciplines, as well as emerging
patient safety disciplines (such as
social care research), and are both relevant to current health science knowledge. •
Medical devices – A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implant, in vitro reagent, or similar or related article that is used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or other conditions, and does not achieve its purposes through chemical action within or on the body (which would make it a drug). Whereas
medicinal products (also called
pharmaceuticals) achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means,
medical devices act by other means like physical, mechanical, or thermal means. •
Medical imaging – the technique and process used to create
images of the
human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical or physiological research purposes •
Immunotherapy – the "
treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as
suppression immunotherapies. •
Kinesiology – scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of kinesiology to human health include:
biomechanics and
orthopedics; strength and conditioning;
sport psychology; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems,
electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.
MRI of the head, with
aliasing artifacts •
Optogenetics – a
neuromodulation technique employed in
neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from
optics and
genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual
neurons in
living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like
channelrhodopsin,
halorhodopsin, and
archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors like Clomeleon, Mermaid, and SuperClomeleon. •
Pharmacogenomics – field of science and technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of
pharmacology and
genomics) deals with the influence of
genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating
gene expression or
single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's
efficacy or
toxicity. •
Pharmacology – branch of medicine and
biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any human-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have
medicinal properties, they are considered
pharmaceuticals. •
Proteomics – the large-scale study of
proteins, particularly their
structures and
functions. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological
metabolic pathways of
cells. The
proteome is the entire set of proteins, produced or modified by an organism or system. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes. == See also ==