Life zones of Peru

::See also Altitudinal zonation Classic version, Amazonic side • Sea level • Estimated 22 - 24°C (75°F), but the cold Humboldt Current generates fog on the coast side • Tierra caliente (Hot land, tropical) up to 2,500 ft (about 750 m - 1,000 m). • Crops: Cacao, Banana, Sugarcane, Manioc, Sweet Potatoes, Yams. • Tierra templada (Temperate land, subtropical) up to 6,000 ft (about 1,850 m – 2,000 m) • The warmest month has an average temperature of below 22°C or 72°F. • Crops: Coffee, Tobacco, Maize, Coca, Peruvian Pepper (Schinus molle), Avocado, Guave (Psidium guajava), Cherimoya, Plum, Citrus fruits. • Tierra fría (Cool land, temperate) below 12,000 ft (about 3,600 m, treeline) • The warmest month has an average temperature of below 18°C or 64°F. • Crops: Potato, Maize, Squash, Passionfruit, Papaya, Peach, Wheat, Rye, and Barley. Farming of cattle. • Tierra helada (Cold land) above 12,000 ft (about 3,600 m) • The definition of treeline of Coniferae: the warmest month has an average temperature of below 10°C or 50°F ). • Crops above tree line: Quinoa, Cañigua, Mashua, Oca, Tarhui, Broad beans and Ulluco. Farming of Sheep, Llamas and Alpacas. • Terrestrial Biome Type 10: Montane grasslands and shrublands • Tierra Nevada (Janca), above the snow line, 15,000 ft (about 4,500 m - 5,000 m) • Just warmer than -1°C over rocks or just warmer than -3°C over snow, annual mean temperature). Javier Pulgar Vidal's version The Peruvian geographer Javier Pulgar Vidal divided Peru in 8 regions (traditionally, it was costa, sierra and selva): Map from República del Perú - Instituto Geográfico Nacional • Chala (West, Pacific Coast) 0– 500 m • Omagua (Lowland jungle or Selva baja, Amazonic rainforest) 80– 400 m • Rupa-Rupa (Highland jungle, Selva alta) 400– 1,000 m • Yungas (Aymaran for "Warm Lands", Cloud forest) • Loma-Vegetation (West, "Yunga coastal" at the north of Peru) 450– 600 m • Fluvial Yungas (East, "Yunga fluvial") 1,000- 2,300 m • Quechua (East, High valleys) 2,300– 3,500 m • Suni (or Jalca or Sallqa too, high plateaus and cliffs) 3,500– 4,100 m • Puna (means "mountain top") 4,100– 4,800 m • Janca (means white) above 4,800 m, permafrost, rocks, snow and ice Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests • Bolivian Yungas • Peruvian Yungas • Southwest Amazon moist forests Montane grasslands and shrublands • Central Andean dry puna • Central Andean puna • Central Andean wet puna Deserts and xeric shrublands • Atacama Desert • Sechura Desert Overview - Amazonic side • Mouth of the Amazon River, Atlantic Ocean • Belém, Brazil, 24 m, annual mean temperature 26.0°C • Gurupa várzea (NT0126) • Manaus, Brazil, 72 m, annual mean temperature 26.6°C • Monte Alegre várzea (NT0141) • Purus várzea (NT0156) • Colombia - Peru - Brazil border • Leticia, Colombia, 84 m, annual mean temperature 25.8°C • Tierra Caliente or Tropical rainforest • Omagua or Selva baja (Southwest Amazon moist forests - NT0166) • Yunga fluvial (more than 5°C colder than the Peruan Tropics) • Peruvian Yungas (NT0153) • Central Andean puna (NT1002) • Cuzco, Peru; 3,249 m; avg annual temperature 12.5 °C; avg annual precipitation 736 mm. • Lima, Peru; 30 m; avg annual temperature 19.2 °C (fog influence); avg annual precipitation 15 mm. == Example: Kallawaya Region, Bolivia ==

Altitudinal zonation: Kallawaya Region, around Charazani, Bolivia (border to Peru). • Glacier • Elevation: 5,900- 5,200 m, Annual mean temperature: below 0 °C, Agriculture: none • High Mountain Desert, Werneria ciliolata on scree • Elevation: 5,200- 5,000 m, Annual mean temperature: below 0 °C - 0 °C, Agriculture: none. • Grass Zone • '''Calamagrostis minima Steppe''', • Elevation: 5,000- 4,600 m, Annual mean temperature: 0- 3.5 °C, Farming: alpacas, lamas. • '''Pycnophyllum Steppe''', • Elevation: 4,600- 4,300 m, Annual mean temperature: 3.5- 7.5 °C, Farming: alpacas, lamas. • '''Aciachne Humid Grassland''', • Elevation: 4,300- 3,900 m, Annual mean temperature: 7.5- 10.0 °C, Farming: alpacas, lamas, pigs; Agriculture: bitter potatoes, (oca), (oat); Fallow land: more than 8 years. • Shrub Zone • '''Satureja Shrub (westslope), Baccharis pentandii Shrub, with Berberis''' (eastslope), • Elevation: 3,900- 3,600 m, Annual mean temperature: 10.0- 11.5 °C, Farming: sheep; Agriculture: potatoes, oca, ulluco, barley; Fallow land: 3 to 4 years. • '''Mutisia Shrub (westslope), Baccharis pentlandii Shrub, with Siphocampylus''' (eastslope), • Elevation: 3,600- 2,700 m, Annual mean temperature: 11.5- 16.5 °C, Farming: sheep, cattle; Agriculture: wheat (barley), peas, beans, maize up to 3,500 m with crop rotation. • '''Kaunia longipetiolata Shrub''', • Elevation: 3,200- 2,700 m, Annual mean temperature: 13.5- 16.5 °C, Farming: cattle; Agriculture: maize, wheat, beans, spring potatoes, use of fertilizers, no crop rotation. • Highland Rainforest, • Elevation: below 2,700 m, Annual mean temperature: over 17.0 °C, Farming: cattle; Agriculture: tropical fruits, oranges, coffee, coca at around 2,000 m. == Gallery ==

Image:Peru_veg_1970.png|Vegetation of Peru Image:Amazonriverbasin basemap.png|Amazon basin Image:Lake-Titicaca-Jacques-Nicolas-Bellin-1758.jpg|Watershed around Lake Titicaca, Arequipa, Puno and Cusco Image:Peru Provinces Costa Sierra Selva.png|Costa - Sierra - Selva Image:Peru - HotSprings.jpg|Rupa-Rupa - High Rain forest Image:Yungas03.jpg|Mist forest (2,500 m) Image:ValleColca lou.jpg|Quechua Image:Urubamba_valley1.jpg|Sacred Valley of the Incas between Písac and Ollantaytambo (2002) Image:Yungas01.jpg|Mountain slope (4,000 m) Image:Laguna Conococha.jpg|Lake Quñuqqucha (4,050 m) Image:Lama guanicoe in Parque Nacional Torres del Paine in Patagonia, Chile.jpg|Puna with shrubs Image:Parinacota volcano.jpg|Lauca National Park - Parinacota volcano Image:Peru - Apurímac River Altiplano1.jpg|Region of Ayacucho, Peru, 1986 - Puna Image:Ayacucho Region Peru - Altiplano2.jpg|Region of Ayacucho, Peru, 1986 - Puna Image:Qoyllur Rit'i dancers.jpg|Quyllur Rit'i, glacier and alpine desert - 2007 Image:Taulliraju.JPG|Huáscarán National Park; Cordillera Blanca; Tawllirahu (5,830 m); North of Lima == See also ==